Table 3.
Relation of Psychosocial Stressor Z-scores to Smoking Status
| Never-smoker | Current smoker | Past smoker | Overall p value | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| A. Separate models for each of the stress domains and the cumulative scorea | ||||
| Psychological work stressb | 1.00 | 1.33 (1.04, 1.70)* | 1.40 (1.08, 1.81)** | .0138 |
| Physical work stressb | 1.00 | 1.20 (0.98, 1.47) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.25) | .1861 |
| Work–family conflictb | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.86, 1.20) | 0.81 (0.67, 0.98)* | .0629 |
| Perceived inequalityb c | 1.00 | 1.45 (1.15, 1.82)** | 1.19 (0.93, 1.52) | .0071 |
| Relationship stressd | 1.00 | 1.77 (1.41, 2.22)*** | 1.14 (0.90, 1.43) | <.0001 |
| Neighborhood stress | 1.00 | 1.42 (1.15, 1.74)** | 1.09 (0.88, 1.36) | .0039 |
| Discrimination stressb | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.98, 1.37) | 1.07 (0.90, 1.27) | .2455 |
| Financial stress | 1.00 | 1.57 (1.25, 1.97)*** | 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) | .0002 |
| Recent family problemsc d | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.91, 1.47) | 1.25 (0.98, 1.58) | .1711 |
| Adult stressful events | 1.00 | 1.50 (1.26, 1.78)*** | 1.30 (1.08, 1.58)** | <.0001 |
| Childhood adversity | 1.00 | 1.28 (1.04, 1.57)* | 1.45 (1.17, 1.79)*** | .0020 |
| Cumulative stress scoree | 1.00 | 1.86 (1.47, 2.35)*** | 1.33 (1.04, 1.69)* | <.0001 |
| B. Single model containing all 11 stress domainse | ||||
| Psychological work stress | 1.00 | 1.37 (1.00, 1.87)* | 1.56 (1.15, 2.11)** | .0095 |
| Physical work stress | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.82, 1.31) | 0.92 (0.72, 1.17) | .6607 |
| Work–family conflict | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.79, 1.16) | 0.76 (0.61, 0.94)* | .0418 |
| Perceived inequality | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.76, 1.39) | 0.97 (0.72, 1.31) | .9518 |
| Relationship stress | 1.00 | 1.62 (1.26, 2.08)*** | 1.05 (0.81, 1.36) | .0004 |
| Neighborhood stress | 1.00 | 1.32 (1.04, 1.66)* | 1.04 (0.82, 1.32) | .0568 |
| Discrimination stress | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.74, 1.12) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.17) | .6541 |
| Financial stress | 1.00 | 1.33 (1.03, 1.72)* | 0.99 (0.78, 1.26) | .0583 |
| Recent family problems | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.61, 1.09) | 1.11 (0.84, 1.47) | .1638 |
| Adult stressful events | 1.00 | 1.39 (1.13, 1.70)** | 1.17 (0.94, 1.45) | .0073 |
| Childhood adversity | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.81, 1.32) | 1.36 (1.07, 1.73)* | .0357 |
Note . aAll models use continuous Z-scores and are adjusted for age, gender, education, and income.
b
Adjusted for employment status.
c
Adjusted for whether the respondent has 1+ children.
d
Adjusted for marital/partner status.
e
The cumulative stress score combines all stress domain Z-scores across all 11 domains and is restandardized to a Z-score; this model is adjusted for all covariates noted above.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.