Table 2. Changes in Diabetes-Related Health Outcomes Associated With a 2-Year Diabetes Self-Management Support Intervention and 1-Year Follow-Up Period for 52 African American Adults With Type 2 Diabetes, Ypsilanti, Michigan, 2006-2009.
| Variable | 2-Year Lifelong Management Intervention | 1-Year Follow-Up | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Pre | Posta | Post-Pre ∆1 | n | Prea | Post | Post-Pre ∆2 | |
| Clinical indices, mean | ||||||||
| HbA1c, % | 51 | 7.9 (1.7) | 8.0 (2.2) | 0.09 (2.2) | 51 | 8.0 (2.2) | 7.1 (1.4) | −0.93 (1.6)b |
| Weight, lb | 52 | 206.4 (45.6) | 201.6 (39.3) | −4.73 (24.5) | 52 | 201.6 (39.3) | 204.8 (43.5) | 3.2 (19.0) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 52 | 34.7 (7.3) | 33.9 (6.2) | −0.80 (4.3) | 52 | 33.9 (6.2) | 34.4 (6.5) | 0.50 (2.9) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 52 | 137.9 (18.2) | 135.9 (19.6) | −2.08 (19.8) | 50 | 135.7 (19.9) | 137.2 (16.3) | 1.50 (15.8) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 52 | 74.9 (10.3) | 74.5 (10.2) | −0.40 (11.9) | 50 | 74.8 (9.9) | 78.7 (10.4) | 3.86 (11.9)c |
| Serum cholesterol, mg/dL | 52 | 153.1 (34.0) | 158.6 (50.3) | 5.52 (47.7) | 49 | 156.9 (46.9) | 130.5 (44.6) | −26.4 (47.1)b |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 52 | 52.8 (12.9) | 50.7 (14.9) | −2.09 (10.6) | 49 | 49.9 (15.0) | 43.4 (16.8) | −6.6 (14.1)d |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 52 | 96.2 (31.5) | 92.1 (40.7) | −4.10 (38.2) | 49 | 90.9 (36.2) | 75.6 (31.6) | −15.3 (31.1)b |
| Self-care behaviorse | ||||||||
| Following a healthy diet | 52 | 4.1 (2.2) | 4.7 (2.0) | 0.64 (2.1)c | 52 | 4.7 (2.0) | 4.6 (2.2) | −0.15 (2.3) |
| Spacing carbohydrates | 52 | 3.3 (2.6) | 4.1 (2.4) | 0.81 (2.0)d | 52 | 4.1 (2.4) | 3.6 (2.3) | −0.50 (2.6) |
| Exercising | 52 | 2.2 (2.2) | 2.5 (2.3) | 0.33 (2.7) | 52 | 2.5 (2.3) | 2.0 (2.4) | −0.46 (2.5) |
| Monitoring blood glucose | 52 | 5.3 (2.4) | 5.2 (2.6) | −0.15 (2.2) | 52 | 5.2 (2.6) | 5.1 (2.5) | −0.10 (1.9) |
| Inspecting feet | 52 | 5.5 (2.2) | 5.6 (2.3) | 0.08 (2.1) | 52 | 5.6 (2.3) | 5.5 (2.3) | −0.06 (2.6) |
| Taking medication | 41 | 6.3 (2.0) | 6.1 (2.1) | −0.24 (2.3) | 41 | 6.1 (2.1) | 5.9 (2.4) | −0.15 (2.4) |
| Using insulin | 25 | 3.7 (3.4) | 5.0 (3.1) | 1.32 (3.2)c | 21 | 6.0 (2.4) | 6.1 (2.1) | 0.14 (1.5) |
| Psychosocial indices | ||||||||
| Quality of lifef | 52 | 30.2 (15.7) | 26.7 (13.8) | −3.52 (10.8)c | 52 | 26.7 (13.8) | 26.8 (11.6) | −0.13 (8.2) |
| Empowermentg | 52 | 4.0 (0.8) | 4.1 (0.9) | 0.08 (0.89) | 52 | 4.1 (0.9) | 4.0 (0.8) | −0.07 (0.63) |
Abbreviations: HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
a Post 2-year intervention and pre 1-year follow-up means may differ because post-pre differences are based on complete pairs.
b P < .001.
c P < .05.
d P < .01.
e Response options range from 0 to 7 days.
f Response options range from 17 to 102 (ranging here from 17 to 78); higher scores indicate poorer diabetes-specific quality of life.
g Responses scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). Due to a technical error, 1 of the items on the original 8-item scale was dropped. A recalculation of the Cronbach α indicated the reliability for the 7 items was excellent, ranging from .85 to .90, and for the 6 was .86.