Table I.

Crude^a estimates of average percent changes (APCs) in monthly rates^b of pedestrian–motor vehicle crashes per one unit changes in pedestrian safety measures (Arkhangelsk, Russia, 2005–2010)

	Pedestrian–motor vehicle crash types
			On signalized crosswalks
	Outside crosswalks, pedestrian primary fault presumed (n=1,597)	On non-signalized crosswalks, driver primary fault presumed (n=766)	Pedestrian fault documented (n=132)	Driver fault documented (n=70)
	APC (95% CI)	APC (95% CI)	APC (95% CI)	APC (95% CI)
Infrastructure measures (count variables)
Signalized crosswalks, total number	−2.1 (−2.7, −1.4)	n.a.	−1.8 (−3.3, −0.2)	−0.8 (−2.7, 1.1)
Non-signalized crosswalks, total numberc	−0.6 (−1.3, 0.0)	0.2 (−1.0, 1.4)	n.a.	n.a.
Number of non-signalized crosswalks with speed humps	−2.7 (−3.6, −1.9)	−0.4 (−1.5, 0.7)	n.a.	n.a.
Number of non-signalized crosswalks with light-reflecting vertical signs	−3.8 (−5.9, −1.6)	−0.9 (−3.3, 1.5)	n.a.	n.a.
Legislative measures (event variables)
Pedestrian penalty for a traffic violation raised
from 50 to 100 RUB in July 2007d	−21.1 (−33.7, −8.4)	−8.5 (−27.0, 10.0)	−33.2 (−66.0, −0.4)	n.a.
from 100 to 200 RUB in May 2009e	−31.1 (−47.4, −14.7)	−1.9 (−21.1, 17.3)	−21.1 (−55.6, 13.5)	n.a.
Driver penalty for ignoring prohibiting signal raised from 100 to 700 RUB in January 2008	−39.6 (−52.0, −27.3)	n.a.	n.a.	−38.8 (−79.3, 1.8)
Driver penalty for failure to give way to pedestrian at non-signalized crosswalk raised from 100 to 800–1,000 RUB in May 2009	−41.2 (−56.8, −25.6)	−7.1 (−25.7, 11.4)	n.a.	n.a.
Police law enforcement (rate variables)
Registered driver violations per 100 MVs	9.1 (4.5, 13.8)	3.2 (−1.6, 8.0)	n.a.	7.1 (−4.0, 18.1)
Registered pedestrian violations per 100 population	22.4 (−85.5, 130.5)	n.a.	91.4 (−83.0, 265.8)	n.a.

n.a.: not applicable.

^aUnadjusted for each other.

^bRates are calculated per total number of registered motor vehicles.

^cAPCs estimated using data for January 2009–December 2010.

^dAPCs estimated using data for January 2005–April 2009.

^eAPCs estimated using data for July 2007–December 2010.