Table 20.

Percent enhancement in bioavailability of different drugs/compounds by supplementation of bioactive fractions from Z. officinale and its combination with piperine [128, 129].

Category	Compound	Percent enhancement
		BE from Z. officinale	BE from Z. officinale + piperine
Macrolides	Azithromycin	78	85
	Erythromycin	68	105
	Roxithromycin	72	93
Cephalosporins	Cefalexin	75	85
	Cefadroxil	68	65
Penicillins	Amoxycillin	80	90
	Cloxacillin	76	90
Aminoglycosides	Kanamycin	65	92
Fluoroquinolones	Ciprofloxacin	68	70
	Pefloxacin	53	69
Antifungal	Fluconazole	120	110
	Ketoconazole	125	100
Antiviral	Acyclovir	82	85
	Zidovudine	105	126
CNS drugs	Alprazolam	76	70
Anticancer	Methotrexate	87	49
	5-Fluorouracil	110	93
	Doxorubicin	72	75
	Cisplatin	56	45
Cardiovascular	Amlodipine	68	95
	Propranolol	76	104
	Lisinopril	76	100
Anti-inflammatory/Antiarthritic	Diclofenac	90	140
	Nimesulide	144	165
	Piroxicam	86	134
Antituberculosis/Antileprosy	Rifampicin	65	98
	Dapsone	46	55
	Ethionamide	56	48
	Cycloserine	71	70
Antihistamines	Salbutamol	78	92
	Theophylline	76	80
	Bromhexine	46	75
Corticosteroids	Dexamethasone	76	80
	Betamethasone	75	70
Immunosuppressants	Cyclosporin A	116	120
	Tacrolimus	75	117
Antiulcer	Ranitidine	147	165
	Cimetidine	98	76
Vitamins	Vitamin A (1 mg/kg)	30	40
	Vitamin E (40 mg/kg)	27	25
	Vitamin C (50 mg/kg)	25	24
	Folic acid (50 μg/kg)	34	35
Antioxidants	β-Carotene (15 mg/kg)	36	55
	Silymarin (5 mg/kg)	28	43
Herbal products	Curcumin (50 mg/kg)	43	70
	Rutin (40 mg/kg)	21	78
Herbal plants	Echinacea	66	82
	Tinospora cordifolia	67	112
	Picrorhiza kurroa	56	87
	Andrographis paniculata	55	70
	Emblica ribes	65	72
	Asparagus racemosus	44	60
	Withania somnifera	64	48
Amino acids	Methionine (20 mg/kg)	25	45
	Lysine (40 mg/kg)	15	40
	Leucine (50 mg/kg)	17	34
	Valine (25 mg/kg)	25	46
	Isoleucine (25 mg/kg)	31	35
Essential elements	Zinc (0.1 mg/kg)	19	20
	Potassium (25 mg/kg)	21	19