Table 23.

Percent enhancement in bioavailability of different compounds by supplementation of bioactive fractions from C. cyminum and its combination with piperine [166, 167].

Category	Compound	Percent enhancement
		BE from C. cyminum	BE from C. cyminum + piperine
Macrolides	Azithromycin	83	97
	Erythromycin	75	95
	Roxithromycin	67	103
Cephalosporins	Cefalexin	60	75
	Cefadroxil	90	79
Penicillins	Amoxycillin	75	98
	Cloxacillin	94	95
Aminoglycosides	Kanamycin	95	110
Fluoroquinolones	Ciprofloxacin	52	47
	Pefloxacin	47	57
	Ofloxacin	61	73
Antifungal	Fluconazole	170	126
	Ketoconazole	136	156
Antiviral	Acyclovir	110	98
	Zidovudine	330	415
CNS drugs	Alprazolam	60	104
Anticancer	Methotrexate	125	30
	5-Fluorouracil	335	435
	Doxorubicin	85	103
	Cisplatin	70	79
Cardiovascular	Amlodipine	55	103
	Propranolol	135	210
	Lisinopril	83	98
Anti-inflammatory/Antiarthritic	Diclofenac	65	108
	Nimesulide	168	150
	Piroxicam	70	107
Antituberculosis/Antileprosy	Rifampicin	250	365
	Dapsone	60	75
	Ethionamide	78	65
	Cycloserine	89	90
Antihistamines	Salbutamol	110	85
	Theophylline	87	75
	Bromhexine	50	90
Corticosteroids	Dexamethasone	85	105
	Betamethasone	95	82
Immuno-suppressants	Cyclosporin A	156	275
	Tacrolimus	75	117
Antiulcer	Ranitidine	117	89
	Cimetidine	123	105
Vitamins	Vitamin A (1 mg/kg)	26	18
	Vitamin B1 (10 mg/kg)	37	33
Antioxidants	β-Carotene (15 mg/kg)	45	53
	Silymarin (5 mg/kg)	32	41
Herbal products	Curcumin (50 mg/kg)	39	29
Herbal plants	Echinacea	72	90
	Tinospora cordifolia	98	152
	Picrorhiza kurroa	78	115
	Andrographis paniculata	72	68
	Emblica ribes	72	60
	Asparagus racemosus	35	72
	Withania somnifera	55	65
Amino acids	Methionine (20 mg/kg)	27	30
	Lysine (40 mg/kg)	35	29
	Leucine (50 mg/kg)	31	32
	Valine (25 mg/kg)	25	24
	Isoleucine (25 mg/kg)	40	22
Essential elements	Iron (0.5 mg/kg)	23	29