Table 24.

Percent enhancement in bioavailability of different drugs/compounds by supplementation of bioactive fractions from C. carvi and its combination with piperine and Z. officinale [5, 175].

Category	Compound	Dose (mg/kg)	Percent enhancement
			BE from C. carvi	C. carvi + piperine	C. carvi + Z. officinale
Macrolides	Azithromycin	25	55	90	86
	Erythromycin	45	70	100	105
	Roxithromycin	15	65	95	98
Cephalosporins	Cefalexin	45	Nil	90	79
	Cefadroxil	45	67	95	85
	Ceftrioxone	25	72	78	75
	Cefixime	40	80	79	82
	Cefidinir	40	89	95	130
Penicillins	Amoxicillin	45	75	115	100
	Cloxacillin	25	110	95	110
Aminoglycosides	Amikacin	50	85	100	92
	Kanamycin	50	Nil	87	68
Fluoroquinolones	Ciprofloxacin	45	78	110	133
	Pefloxacin	40	Nil	70	75
	Ofloxacin	20	65	167	170
	Norfloxacin	40	55	65	60
Antifungal	Fluconazole	65	65	98	110
	Amphotericin B	78	78	90	80
	Ketoconazole	55	55	100	96
Antiviral	Acyclovir	40	78	100	90
	Zidovudine	10	92	95	87
CNS drugs	Alprazolam	0.1	Nil	70	80
	Haloperidol	0.5	95	90	85
Anticancer	Methotrexate	5	76	89	102
	5-Fluorouracil	25	90	110	100
	Doxorubicin	5	Nil	70	69
	Cisplatin	5	Nil	Nil	55
Cardiovascular	Amlodipine	1	Nil	50	65
	Lisinopril	1	79	95	90
	Atenolol	5	100	93	97
	Propranolol	8	68	90	75
Anti-inflammatory/antiarthritic	Diclofenac	5	Nil	100	95
	Piroxicam	2	Nil	98	76
	Nimesulide	10	100	140	145
	Rofecoxib	2.5	75	70	80
Antituberculosis/antileprosy	Rifampicin	40	110	170	140
	Pyrazinamide	12.5	45	50	55
	Dapsone	10	56	67	68
	Ethionamide	25	68	65	70
	Cycloserine	40	70	80	75
Antihistamines	Salbutamol	0.8	75	89	80
	Theophylline	30	70	79	89
	Bromhexine	25	Nil	70	71
	Loratidine	1	76	70	80
Corticosteroids	Prednisolone	4	65	67	60
	Dexamethasone	0.05	72	77	73
	Betamethasone	0.1	80	89	77
Immuno-suppressants	Cyclosporin A	10	100	105	120
	Tacrolimus	5	90	95	114
Antiulcer	Ranitidine	30	67	70	150
	Cimetidine	40	72	84	100
	Omeprazole	2	76	70	75
Vitamins	Vitamin A	1	19	16	27
	Vitamin B1	10	42	26	55
Antioxidants	β-Carotene	15	55	59	72
	Silymarin	5	38	45	41
Herbal products	Curcumin	50	48	51	52
	Rutin	40	45	40	42
Herbal plants	Echinacea agustifolia	10	Nil	76	65
	Tinospora cordifolia	50	76	90	71
	Picrorhiza kurroa	50	80	110	76
	Aegles marmelos	1000	65	65	60
	Andrographis paniculata	50	68	72	54
	Asparagus racemosus	50	Nil	55	45
	Terminalia chebula	50	92	87	91
	Withania somnifera	60	76	70	76
	Centella asiatica	30	68	65	62
Amino acids	Methionine	20	28	30	37
	Lysine	40	29	38	43
	Leucine	50	21	32	40
	Valine	25	19	29	38
	Isoleucine	25	34	44	50