Table 1.

Differential patterns of PPARs expression in gastrointestinal system disease.

Organ	PPARs expression		Author and reference
Esophagus	PPARγ ↑	PPARγ overexpression influences the development of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma	Wang et al. [20]
Stomach	PPARγ ↑	Crucial role of PPARγ in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma	Ma et al. [21]
	PPARγ ↑	PPARγ is upregulated in gastric adenocarcinoma	Yao et al. [22]
	PPARγ ↑	PPARγ protein evidenced in gastric adenocarcinoma specimens and PPARγ agonists show dose-dependent inhibitory effects on the proliferation of gastric cancer cell lines	Sato et al. [23]
	PPARγ ↑	PPARγ expression in colorectal cancer is associated with a good prognosis	Dai and Wang[24]
Colon-rectum	PPARγ ↓	PPARγ underexpression is detected in a number of colorectal cancer patients, and epigenetic silencing of PPARγ is a biomarker for colorectal cancer progression and adverse patients' outcome	Pancione et al. [26]
	PPARγ ↓	PPARγ epigenetic silencing is coordinated by UHRF1 mediating colorectal cancer progression, and a significant low PPARγ expression is associated with distant metastases and reduced patients' survival	Sabatino et al. [27]
Liver	PPARα and PPARγ↓	HCV decreases PPARs in order to induce triglycerides accumulation	Ripoli and Pazienza[39]
			Romero-Gómez et al.[40]
			Pazienza et al.[41]
	PPARγ ↑	HBx enhances C/EBPαthat in turn induces PPARγ expression and activation	Dharancy et al.[42]
			Tsujie et al.[43]
Pancreas	PPARγ ↑	PPARγ is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer and is associated with shorter overall survival times	Yu and Jove[44]
	PPARγ —	PPARγ is unaltered in PC but expression levels between PPARγ and DNMT1 and between DNMT1 and DNMT3B are highly correlated	Pazienza et al. [45]