Table 4.
Environmental and lifestyle exposures associated with follicular lymphoma.
| Exposure | Measure of Effect (95% CI) | P-trend | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol | |||
|
| |||
| Highest category of beer consumption (drinks/week) | HR = 0.90 (0.40–1.99) | 0.553 | [31] |
| Highest category of wine consumption (drinks/week) | HR = 0.96 (0.49–1.90) | 0.513 | [31] |
| Highest category of liquor consumption (drinks/week) | HR = 0.71 (0.30–1.69) | 0.395 | [31] |
| Highest category of alcohol consumption (drinks/week) | HR = 0.71 (0.28–1.79) | 0.302 | [31] |
| Highest category of ethanol consumption (g/week) | HR = 0.55 (0.24–1.30) | 0.295 | [31] |
| Wine | OR = 2.19 (0.83–5.80) | [29] | |
| Alcohol use (ever/never) | OR = 1.22 (0.51–2.89) | [68] | |
| Survival: alcohol use <43.1 g/weeka | HR = 0.35 (0.10–1.20) | [80] | |
| Survival: alcohol use >43.1 g/week | HR = 2.16 (0.98–4.77) | [80] | |
|
| |||
| Tobacco | |||
|
| |||
| Ever smoker | HR = 0.62 (0.45–0.85) | [31] | |
| Current smoker | HR = 0.74 (0.42–1.31) | [31] | |
| Former smoker | HR = 0.59 (0.42–0.83) | [31] | |
| >30 years since quitting (former smokers) | HR = 0.42 (0.21–0.84) | 0.374 | [31] |
| Age at initiation (>20) | HR = 0.80 (0.47–1.34) | 0.318 | [31] |
| >40 years of having smoked | HR = 0.52 (0.28–0.97) | 0.365 | [31] |
| Packs of cigarettes/day | HR = 0.59 (0.32–1.09) | 0.627 | [31] |
| Pack years of smoking >39.75 | HR = 0.63 (0.37–1.07) | 0.949 | [31] |
| Ever smoker | OR = 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | [30] | |
| Current smokers | OR = 1.31 (1.12–1.52) | [30] | |
| Former smokers | OR = 1.06 (0.93–1.22) | [30] | |
| Ever smokers >36 pack years | OR = 1.30 (1.08–1.56) | 0.6 | [30] |
| Current heavy smokers > 36 pack years | OR = 1.45 (1.15–1.82) | 0.85 | [30] |
| Survival: former smoker | HR = 1.98 (0.81–4.80) | [80] | |
| Survival: current smoker | HR = 2.95 (1.27–6.81) | [80] | |
| Survival: >17 pack-years | HR = 2.61 (1.19–5.74) | 0.02 | [80] |
| Survival: time since quitting to diagnosis (<10 years versus never Smoker) | HR = 3.73 (1.07–13.0) | 0.005 | [80] |
| ever smoker | OR = 2.18 (0.75–6.35) | [68] | |
|
| |||
| Environmental exposures | |||
|
| |||
| UV exposure and Ex11 + 32 CC genotype: <7 hrs/wk sun exposure in last 10 years | OR = 6.3 (1.9–22.0) | 0.004, P–interaction = 0.009 |
[62] |
| UV exposure and Ex11 + 32 CC genotype: <7 hrs/wk sun exposure in the fourth decade | OR = 5.7 (1.5–21) | 0.01, P-interaction = 0.003 |
[62] |
| UV exposure and Ex11 + 32 CC genotype: <7 hrs/wk sun exposure in the third decade | OR = 8.3 (1.9–37) | 0.03, P-interaction = 0.03 |
[62] |
| UV exposure and Ex11 + 32 CC genotype: <7 hrs/wk sun exposure in the second decade | OR = 20.0 (1.4–304) | 0.06, P-interaction = 0.05 |
[62] |
| Hair dyes | OR = 1.33 (0.9–1.96) | [69] | |
| Hair dyes | OR = 1.57 (0.72–3.46) | [68] | |
| All solvents | OR = 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 0.03 | [70] |
| BTX exposure (benzene, toluene, xylene) | OR = 1.6 (1.0–2.5) | 0.08 | [70] |
| Benzene | OR = 1.6 (0.9–2.9) | 0.1 | [70] |
| Toluene | OR = 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | 0.2 | [70] |
| Xylene | OR = 1.6 (0.9–2.7) | 0.14 | [70] |
| CAH exposure | OR = 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 0.9 | [70] |
| Trichloroethylene | OR = 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | 0.65 | [70] |
| Gasoline exposure | OR = 0.8 (0.5–1.5) | 0.3 | [70] |
| Chlorinated hydrocarbons, total > 47.3 ppm∗years | OR = 3.9 (1.3–12.1) | 0.04 | [71] |
| Trichloroethene > 35 ppm∗yrs | OR = 3.2 (0.8–12.9) | 0.16 | [71] |
| Tetrachloroethene > 0, <9.1 | OR = 1.2 (0.3–5.5) | 0.43 | [71] |
| CTET > 23, <48.1 ppm∗yrs | OR = 2.1 (0.2–19.4) | 0.83 | [71] |
| DCM > 26.3, <175 ppm∗yrs | OR = 1.5 (0.3–7.4) | 0.2 | [71] |
| Benzene > 130 ppm∗yrs | OR = 1.3 (0.3–6.4) | 0.51 | [71] |
| Toluene > 207 ppm∗yrs | OR = 1.1 (0.2–5.3) | 0.48 | [71] |
| Xylene > 230 ppm∗yrs | OR = 1.3 (0.3–6.2) | 0.33 | [71] |
| Styrene > 67.1 ppm∗yrs | OR = 1.6 (0.5–6.0) | 0.2 | [71] |
| Lived within 2 miles of a lumber and wood products facilityb | OR = 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | 0.84 | [72] |
| Lived within 2 miles of a chemicals and allied products facilityb | OR = 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.34 | [72] |
| Lived within 2 miles of a petroleum refining and related industriesb | OR = 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 0.89 | [72] |
| Lived within 2 miles of a primary metal industries facilityb | OR = 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 0.21 | [72] |
| Lived within 100 m of high voltage power lines | OR = 1.86 (0.75–4.63) | [68] | |
aThe reference group consumes 0 g/week.
bPtrend is for half-mile increments within two miles proximity.