TABLE IV.

ODD RATIO AND 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL (CI) FOR THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN NONONCOGENIC AND ONCOGENIC HPV PERSISTENCE AND SERUM ANTIOXIDANT NUTRIENT LEVEL: CASE–CONTROL APPROACH WITH WOMEN AS UNIT OF ANALYSIS¹

	Nononcogenic HPV types					Oncogenic HPV types
	Trans. (N)2	Pers. (N)	Crude OR	Adjusted3		Trans. (N)	Pers. (N)	Crude OR	Adjusted3
				OR	95% CI				OR	95% CI
Vitamin A (μg/ml)
Retinol
≤0.380	39	18	1.00	1.00	Referent	48	27	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.381–0.453	42	21	1.08	0.86	(0.37–1.49)	44	29	1.17	1.33	(0.64–2.77)
0.434–1.900	37	19	1.11	0.86	(0.35–2.17)	49	32	1.17	1.19	(0.58–2.48)
p-trend				0.76					0.64
Carotenoids (μg/ml)
Lutein
≤0.0292	38	15	1.00	1.00	Referent	48	31	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.0293–0.0415	39	23	1.49	1.57	(0.67–3.69)	48	23	0.74	0.71	(0.34–1.51)
0.042–0.807	41	20	1.24	1.27	(0.52–3.11)	43	24	1.17	1.12	(0.55–2.27)
p-trend				0.63					0.72
Zeaxanthin
≤0.0125	37	16	1.00	1.00	Referent	49	30	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.0126–0.0202	42	17	0.93	1.05	(0.42–2.56)	46	25	0.81	0.80	(0.44–1.80)
0.0203–0.054	39	25	1.48	1.51	(0.64–3.56)	46	20	1.17	1.12	(0.56–2.26)
p-trend				0.33					0.75
α-Cryptoxanthin
≤0.005	43	25	1.00	1.00	Referent	49	34	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.006–0.0075	36	16	0.76	0.76	(0.33–1.73)	47	23	0.68	0.75	(0.37–1.54)
0.0076–0.088	39	17	0.75	0.71	(0.31–1.59)	45	30	0.93	0.88	(0.43–1.81)
p-trend				0.38					0.73
β-Cryptoxanthin
≤0.0207	41	18	1.00	1.00	Referent	47	34	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.0208–0.0395	39	18	1.05	1.04	(0.44–2.48)	44	17	0.56	0.67	(0.31–1.44)
0.040–2.20	38	23	1.32	1.05	(0.45–2.46)	48	37	1.11	1.00	(0.49–2.04)
p-trend				0.92					0.99
trans-Lycopene
≤0.013	35	20	1.00	1.00	Referent	54	23	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.0135–0.0271	40	19	0.83	0.84	(0.36–1.95)	43	29	1.58	1.78	(0.84–3.73)
0.0272–0.120	43	19	0.77	0.86	(0.32–2.06)	44	36	1.92	2.04	(0.95–4.39)
p-trend				0.74					0.07
cis-Lycopene
≤0.0210	37	17	1.00	1.00	Referent	49	23	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.0211–0.0397	41	27	1.43	1.34	(0.60–3.24)	46	24	1.11	1.48	(0.68–3.24)
0.0398–0.1633	40	14	0.76	0.70	(0.27–1.83)	46	41	1.90	2.21	(1.04–4.67)
p-trend				0.46					0.04
α-Carotene
≤0.0087	46	18	1.00	1.00	Referent	41	28	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.0088–0.016	30	22	1.82	1.63	(0.68–3.89)	55	24	0.64	0.70	(0.36–1.46)
0.0165–0.065	42	18	1.09	1.12	(0.48–2.61)	45	36	1.17	1.18	(0.58–2.51)
p-trend				0.83					0.60
trans-β-Carotene
≤0.0184	40	22	1.00	1.00	Referent	47	29	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.0185–0.036	35	19	0.98	0.99	(0.47–2.54)	52	26	0.86	0.95	(0.47–1.97)
0.037–0.238	43	17	0.72	0.75	(0.32–1.74)	42	33	1.27	1.13	(0.54–2.39)
p-trend				0.51					0.74
cis-β-Carotene
≤0.005	43	20	1.00	1.00	Referent	52	30	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.006–0.008	41	25	1.43	1.01	(0.46–2.26)	41	26	1.09	0.88	(0.47–1.95)
0.008–0.165	34	13	0.97	0.69	(0.29–1.72)	48	33	1.16	1.02	(0.51–2.03)
p-trend				0.32					0.95
Tocopherols
α-Tocopherol
≤4.27	32	21	1.00	1.00	Referent	57	29	1.00	1.00	Referent
4.28–6.03	48	14	0.43	0.18	(0.06–0.50)	33	27	1.60	1.68	(0.80–3.51)
6.04–17.81	36	21	0.97	0.49	(0.17–1.40)	51	32	1.23	1.12	(0.53–2.34)
p-trend				0.32					0.71
δ-Tocopherol
≤1.36	37	21	1.00	1.00	Referent	53	30	1.00	1.00	Referent
1.37–1.77	40	22	0.97	0.83	(0.37–1.87)	42	28	1.18	1.06	(0.53–2.19)
1.78–4.85	41	15	0.64	0.45	(0.18–1.13)	46	30	1.15	1.27	(0.63–2.55)
p-trend				0.09					0.27
γ-Tocopherol
≤1.36	33	20	1.00	1.00	Referent	53	27	1.00	1.00	Referent
1.37–1.77	45	20	0.81	0.67	(0.28–1.60)	46	32	1.46	1.61	(0.79–3.26)
1.78–4.85	40	20	0.92	0.50	(0.10–1.32)	45	29	1.27	1.38	(0.66–2.86)
p-trend				0.13					0.37

HPV, human papillomavirus; Trans, transient HPV group; Pers., persistent HPV group; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

¹Results obtained from logistic regression with binary outcome of transient or persistent HPV infection.–

²Total number of observations did not add up due to missing data.–

³Adjusted for serum cholesterol, age, ethnicity, number of sexual partners (1 year), income and number in household.