TABLE V.

ODD RATIO AND 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL (CI) FOR THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN NONONCOGENIC AND ONCOGENIC HPV PERSISTENCE AND SERUM ANTIOXIDANT NUTRIENT LEVEL: CASE–CONTROL APPROACH WITH VIRUS AS UNIT OF ANALYSIS¹

	Nononcogenic HPV types					Oncogenic HPV types
	Trans (N)	Pers. (N)	Crude OR	Adjusted2		Trans (N)	Pers. (N)	Crude OR	Adjusted2
				OR	95% CI				OR	95% CI
Vitamin A (μg/ml)
Retinol
<0.380	68	30	1.00	1.00	Referent	61	32	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.381–0.453	76	30	0.89	0.68	(0.34–1.27)	56	36	1.12	1.20	(0.64–2.54)
0.434–1.900	81	27	0.76	0.59	(0.30–1.15)	57	35	1.21	1.41	(0.70–2.85)
				0.13					0.34
Carotenoids (μg/ml)
Lutein
≤0.0292	74	26	1.00	1.00	Referent	56	40	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.0293–0.0415	74	31	1.17	1.27	(0.65–2.51)	64	25	0.63	0.52	(0.25–1.07)
0.042–0.807	77	30	1.10	1.09	(0.57–2.15)	54	38	1.00	0.90	(0.50–1.94)
p-trend				0.79					0.90
Zeaxanthin
≤0.0125	73	26	1.00	1.00	Referent	58	39	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.0126–0.0202	69	27	1.09	1.13	(0.58–2.23)	56	30	0.87	0.81	(0.41–1.62)
0.0203–0.054	83	34	1.14	1.28	(0.68–2.40)	60	34	1.08	1.04	(0.52–2.06)
p-trend				0.45					0.92
α-Cryptoxanthin
≤0.005	80	40	1.00	1.00	Referent	54	43	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.006–0.0075	71	26	0.68	0.68	(0.38–1.22)	63	27	0.57	0.47	(0.23–0.97)
0.0076–0.088	74	23	0.62	0.68	(0.36–1.29)	57	33	0.84	0.58	(0.28–1.20)
p-trend				0.20					0.15
β-Cryptoxanthin
≤0.0207	77	32	1.00	1.00	Referent	58	42	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.0208–0.0395	70	25	0.86	0.90	(0.49–1.68)	57	21	0.53	0.49	(0.22–1.10)
0.040–2.20	78	30	0.92	0.94	(0.40–1.82)	57	40	1.05	0.80	(0.40–1.59)
p-trend				0.85					0.53
trans-Lycopene
≤0.013	64	33	1.00	1.00	Referent	59	29	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.0135–0.0271	83	26	0.61	0.59	(0.30–1.07)	57	35	1.45	1.48	(0.72–3.05)
0.0272–0.120	78	28	0.69	0.84	(0.38–1.47)	58	37	1.69	1.42	(0.66–3.02)
p-trend				0.53					0.03
cis-Lycopene
≤0.0210	65	37	1.00	1.00	Referent	53	28	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.0211–0.0397	77	36	1.13	0.99	(0.54–1.83)	59	31	1.04	1.26	(0.56–2.67)
0.0398–0.1633	83	24	0.69	0.70	(0.34–1.42)	62	44	1.58	1.45	(0.69–3.07)
p-trend				0.32					0.33
α-Carotene
≤0.0087	73	32	1.00	1.00	Referent	50	36	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.0088–0.016	70	28	0.92	0.94	(0.49–1.79)	63	29	0.66	0.73	(0.36–1.51)
0.0165–0.065	82	27	0.74	0.82	(0.42–1.59)	61	38	1.02	0.92	(0.45–1.88)
p-trend				0.55					0.86
trans-β-Carotene
≤0.0184	70	39	1.00	1.00	Referent	57	38	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.0185–0.036	79	29	0.75	0.78	(0.42–1.14)	61	30	0.78	0.89	(0.45–1.74)
0.037–0.238	76	24	0.64	0.78	(0.41–1.51)	56	35	1.14	0.87	(0.41–1.85)
p-trend				0.43					0.72
cis-β-Carotene
≤0.005	84	34	1.00	1.00	Referent	64	37	1.00	1.00	Referent
0.006–0.008	71	34	1.18	0.93	(0.52–1.69)	49	29	1.10	0.92	(0.45–1.86)
0.008–0.165	70	19	0.67	0.64	(0.33–1.27)	61	31	1.13	0.97	(0.49–1.93)
p-trend				0.22					0.93
Tocopherols
α-Tocopherol
≤4.27	65	34	1.00	1.00	Referent	70	35	1.00	1.00	Referent
4.28–6.03	74	19	0.49	0.28	(0.14–0.57)	37	32	1.65	1.98	(0.96–4.09)
6.04–17.81	86	34	0.74	0.59	(0.29–1.19)	67	36	1.13	1.07	(0.54–2.14)
p-trend				0.17					0.76
δ-Tocopherol
≤1.36	72	32	1.00	1.00	Referent	61	34	1.00	1.00	Referent
1.37–1.77	70	30	0.95	0.85	(0.46–1.58)	55	32	1.08	0.98	(0.48–2.01)
1.78–4.85	83	25	0.67	0.72	(0.39–1.35)	58	37	1.11	1.34	(0.64–2.69)
p-trend				0.31					0.31
γ-Tocopherol
≤1.36	64	26	1.00	1.00	Referent	60	32	1.00	1.00	Referent
1.37–1.77	78	32	1.00	0.94	(0.30–1.77)	60	38	1.29	1.28	(0.64–2.57)
1.78–4.85	83	29	0.85	0.72	(0.35–1.47)	54	32	1.22	1.59	(0.79–3.21)
p-trend				0.37					0.50

HPV, human papillomavirus; Trans, transient HPV group; Pers., persistent HPV group; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

¹Results obtained from generalized estimating equation with a logit link for binary outcomes clustered by woman ID number.–

²Adjusted for serum cholesterol, age, race, number of sexual partners (1 year), income and number in household.