Table 2.
Recent Applications of Raw Material Strategies for In Vivo Bone Tissue Engineering Applications
| Reference(s) | Raw material(s) | Additional material(s) | Scaffold formulation | Animal model | Highlighted finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bae et al.80 | HA | Simvastatin | Hydrogel | New Zealand white rabbits, parietal bone defect model | Hydrogels loaded with simvastatin significantly increased new bone formation after 9 weeks |
| Chen et al.82 | HA, collagen type I (bovine) | Bioactive glass, phosphatidylserine | Porous composite | New Zealand white rabbits, radial defect model | Composite scaffold promoted new bone formation and new blood vessel formation after 12 weeks compared to the control (sham) which displayed little new bone formation |
| Xu et al.78 | HA, collagen type I (bovine) | Bioactive glass, phosphatidylserine | Porous composite | Sprague-Dawley rat, femoral defect model | Composite scaffolds seeded with MSCs enhanced greater new bone formation compared with control scaffolds with no seeded cells after 6 weeks |
| Patterson et al.79 | HA | HA-GMA | Hydrogel | Sprague-Dawley rat, critical-sized calvarial defect model | Codelivery of BMP-2 and VEGF from hydrogels showed improved new bone formation after 6 weeks compared with either of the proteins when delivered alone |
| Rentsch et al.99 | CS, collagen type I (porcine) | PCL | Porous composite | Athymic nude mice, critical-sized femoral defect model | PCL meshes coated with CS/collagen type I and seeded with rat MSCs showed significantly increased new bone formation and new blood vessel formation after 12 weeks |
| Lee et al.156 | HAp, human DBM | – | Porous composite | Athymic nude rat, intramuscular abdominal pouch model | DBM/HA putty induced ectopic mineralized bone formation after 8 weeks, HA granules alone (control) showed limited mineralization |
| Liu et al.109 | nHAp, collagen type Ia | PLA | Porous composite | New Zealand white rabbits, segmental critical-sized alveolar bone defect model | nHAp–collagen type I–PLA scaffolds seeded with rabbit DPSCs and cultured with BMP-2 prior to implantation promoted new bone formation after 12 weeks |
| Teixeira et al.102 | HAp, collagen type I (bovine) | – | Porous matrix | Immune-deficient mice, subcutaneous implantation model | HAp scaffolds seeded with human MSCs showed that those with a collagen coating tended to have a negative effect on bone formation regardless of collagen crosslinking method after 6 weeks |
| Yeo et al.119 | TCP | PCL, NaOH | Porous composite | New Zealand white rabbits, calvarial defect model | PCL-TCP scaffolds treated with NaOH for 48 hours to increase surface roughness showed superior bone formation after 8 weeks |
| Yanoso-Scholl et al.123 | TCP | PLA | Porous composite | C57BL/6 mice, intramuscular quadriceps implantation | Scaffolds loaded with BMP-2 and VEGF promoted new blood vessel formation but limited mineralization after 8 weeks |
| Rojbani et al.174 | TCP, HAp | – | Porous matrix | Wistar rat, calvarial defect model | TCP promoted greater bone regeneration after 8 weeks, the addition of simvastatin increased bone formation in all groups |
| Rai et al.118 | TCP | PCL | Porous composite | CBH/Rnu rats, critical-sized femoral defect model | Composites seeded with human MSCs showed new bone formation after 3 weeks compared with limited bone formation in scaffolds seeded with no cells |
| Hao et al.125 | TCP, collagen type I (bovine) | PLGA | Composite hydrogel | Japanese white rabbits, critical-sized segmental radial defect | Higher cell numbers of rabbit ASCs encapsulated within the scaffold led to enhanced osteogenesis and bone union after 24 weeks |
| Ghanaati et al.115 | TCP | – | Granules with varying size and porosity | Wistar rat, subcutaneous implantation model | Higher porosity led to greater new blood vessel formation near the center of the construct over 60 days |
| Ghanaati et al.129 | TCP, HA | Methylcellulose | Injectable bone paste | Wistar rat, subcutaneous implantation model | The addition of HA and methylcellulose resulted in a formable material to fill in bone defects and led to higher vascularization after 60 days |
| Cao et al.124 | TCP, HAp | PGA | Porous composite | Sprague-Dawley rat, critical-sized femoral defect | PGA–TCP scaffolds in a 1:3 ratio provided the greatest new bone formation after 90 days |
| Eleftheriadis et al.157 | TCP, human DBM | Hydroxyl sulfate | Porous composite | New Zealand white rabbits, mandibular defect model | TCP–hydroxyl sulfate scaffolds resorbed more slowly than DBM putty over 8 weeks, making them a potential candidate for larger, critical-sized defects |
| Fujita et al.127 | TCP | Gelatin | Sponge | Nihon white rabbits, segmental bone defect model | No significant difference was found in new bone regeneration between gelatin–TCP sponge and the BMP-2-loaded gelatin–TCP sponge after 8 weeks |
| Tadokoro et al.128 | TCP | Gelatin | Sponge | Fisher rats, subcutaneous implantation model | TCP–gelatin sponges loaded with BMP-2 and seeded with MSCs showed significant new bone formation compared with nonloaded scaffolds and scaffolds with no cells after 4 weeks |
| Abbah et al.116 | TCP | PCL | Porous composite | Yorkshire pigs, spinal interbody fusion model | PCL–TCP scaffolds seeded with autogenous MSCs showed new bone formation after 3 months and fusion was observed after 6 months, no fusion occurred in control samples with no seeded cells |
| Chen et al.153 | Bovine DBM | – | Porous matrix | Sprague-Dawley rat, subcutaneous implantation model | Heparin-crosslinked DBM loaded with VEGF promoted new blood vessel formation superior to unloaded and noncrosslinked scaffolds after 3 weeks |
| Kang et al.158 | Human DBM | Fibrin glue | Composite glue | Miniature pig, maxillary sinus floor implantation model | Enhanced new bone activity was observed in the cell-seeded scaffold sites compared with the scaffold-only regions after 4 weeks |
| Rhee et al.154 | Human DBM | PLA | Porous composite | Sprague-Dawley rat, critical-sized calvarial defect model | DBM seeded with SVF cells promoted greater new bone formation than groups containing PLA and those without cells after 8 weeks |
| Supronowicz et al.155 | Human DBM | – | Porous matrix | Athymic nude rat, intramuscular abdominal pouch model | DBM seeded with human ASPSCs provided significantly greater new bone formation after 14 days |
a
Collagen species not specified.
nHAp, nanohydroxyapatite; HA-GMA, glycidyl methacrylate modified hyaluronic acid; NaOH, sodium hydroxide; PGA, poly(glycolic acid); SVF, human stromal vascular fraction.