Table 6.

Recent Tissue Engineering Strategies Utilizing Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa

Target tissue	Reference(s)	Additional material(s)	Scaffold formulation	Biological model(s)
Bone	Kim et al.142	–	Sponge	In vitro: sponges seeded with rat MSCs and cultured for 14 days
				In vivo: sponges seeded with cells and implanted into a cranial defect model in Fisher rats for 28 days
	Honsawek et al.141	Human DBM	Tissue/composite matrix	In vitro: scaffolds seeded with human periosteal cells and cultured for 10 days
				In vivo: composites were implanted intramuscularly into Wistar rats for 42 days
	Zhao et al.143	–	Hydrated SIS matrix	In vivo: SIS scaffolds seeded with rabbit MSCs and implanted into radial bone defects of critical size in New Zealand white rabbits for 12 weeks
Skin	Zhou et al.145	–	Hydrated SIS matrix	In vitro: scaffolds seeded with murine ADSCs and cultured for 7 days before digestion
				In vivo: scaffolds seeded with murine ADSCs and cultured for 1 week and then implanted into cutaneous and subcutaneous wound models in C57 mice for 28 days
Nerve	Kang et al.144	PLGA	Porous composite	In vivo: composite scaffolds seeded with rat ADSCs and implanted into complete spinal cord transaction in Fisher rat model for 8 weeks
Vascular	Liu et al.86	Collagen type I–HA–CS (comparison study between SIS and polymer composite)	Tissue scaffold and polymer composite	In vivo: SIS and polymer composite scaffolds seeded with murine ADSCs and implanted into full-thickness cutaneous defects in C57BL/6 mice for 21 days
	Mondalek et al.87	HA-PLGA nanoparticles	Porous composite	In vivo: composite scaffolds implanted into canine bladder model of Beagle dogs for 10 weeks to evaluate angiogenic potential
	Crapo et al.137	–	Gel	In vitro: SIS gel seeded with rat neonatal cardiomyocytes and cultured for 13 days
	Okada et al.138	–	Gel	In vivo: SIS gel injected into infarct cardiac tissue in NON-SCID mice for 6 weeks
	Peng et al.139	–	Hydrated SIS matrix	In vitro: SIS tissue seeded with lamb hair follicle MSCs and cultured for 14 days under uniaxial strain conditions
	Tan et al.140	–	Hydrated SIS matrix	In vivo: SIS sheets seeded with rabbit MSCs and implanted to patch infarct myocardial tissue model in New Zealand White rabbits for 28 days
Urogenital	Heise et al.146	–	Hydrated SIS matrix	In vitro: SIS sheets seeded with rat MSCs and subjected to a period of static culture for 7 days followed by dynamic culture with cyclic strain for an additional 7 days
	Qin et al.147	–	Hydrated SIS matrix	In vitro: SIS sheets seeded with rat intestinal SMCs and implanted into jejunal interposition model of adult Lewis rats for 8 weeks
	Wu et al.148	–	Hydrated SIS matrix	In vitro: SIS sheets seeded with human UDSCs and cultured under static and dynamic conditions for 14 days. Cultured sheets were sectioned for in vitro characterization and implantation
				In vivo: precultured SIS sheets were implanted subcutaneously into the flanks of athymic nude mice for 1 month
	Zhang et al.149	–	Hydrated SIS matrix	In vivo: SIS sheets implanted into abdominal wall defect model in adult Sprague-Dawley rats for 8 weeks

ADSCs, adipose-derived stem cells; NON-SCID, nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency; UDSCs, urine-derived stem cells.