Table 1.
Methods for Bisphosphonates Quantification
| Bisphosphonates | Technique | Detection | LOD | LOQ | Sample | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alendronate | HPLC-RP | Fluorimetric | - | - | urine | 98 |
| HPLC-RP | Electrochemical | 0.2 ng/mL | 1 ng/mL | urine | 99 | |
| HPLC-RP | UV | - | - | pharmaceuticals | 100 | |
| HPLC-RP | Fluorimetric | - | 1 ng/mL | human plasma | 101 | |
| HPLC-RP | Fluorimetric | - | 3.5 ng/mL | urine | 102 | |
| HPLC-RP/MS | Mass spectrometry | 4.86 μg/mL | 6.667 ng/mL | urine | 103 | |
| HPLC-RP/MS2 | Mass spectrometry | 0.05 ng/mL | - | urine | 104 | |
| ICP | ELSD | 16 μg/mL | - | - | 105 | |
| ICP | UV | - | 14 μg/mL | pharmaceuticals | 106 | |
| ICP | Fluorimetric | - | 0.6 ng/mL | urine | 106 | |
| IC | Conductivity | - | 0.005 mg/mL | pharmaceuticals | 107 | |
| IC | Refractive index | 0.4 μg/mL | - | pharmaceuticals | 108 | |
| CZE | Conductivity | 3.1 μM | 9.3 μM | urine | 109 | |
| CZE | Indirect UV | 50 μg/mL | - | standard | 110 | |
| Pamidronate | HPLC-RP | Fluorimetric | 0.1 μg/ml | - | urine | 111 |
| HPLC-RP | Fluorimetric | 0.5 μg/mL | - | blood | ||
| HPLC-RP | Fluorimetric | - | 0.8 μmol/L | plasma | 112 | |
| HPLC-RP | Fluorimetric | - | 0.7 μmol/L | urine | ||
| HPLC-RP | Fluorimetric | 11.6 ng/mL | 233 ng/mL | urine | 113 | |
| ICP | Fluorimetric | 1 ng/mL | 3 ng/mL | urine | 114 | |
| ICP | UV | 0.1 μg/mL | 0.1 μg/mL | pharmeceuticals | 115 | |
| ICP | Fluorimetric | - | - | urine | 116 | |
| ICP | ELSD | 18 μg/mL | - | - | 105 | |
| ICP | Fluorimetric | 10 ng/mL | 20 ng/mL | serum | 117 | |
| IC | Conductivity | 25 μg/mL | - | pharmaceuticals | 118 | |
| CZE | Conductivity | 13.4 μM | 39.3 μM | urine | 109 | |
| GC | Flame photometric | 100 ng/mL | - | biological fluids | 119 | |
| Ibandronate | ICP | ELSD | 176 μg/mL | - | - | 120 |
| Zoledronate | ICP | ELSD | 17 μg/mL | - | - | 105 |
| ICP | UV | 8 μg/mL | - | pharmaceuticals | 121 | |
| Etidronate | ICP | ELSD | 15 μg/mL | - | - | 105 |
| Clodronate | ICP | ELSD | 37,5 μg/mL | - | - | 122 |
| CZE | indirect UV | 0.4 mg/ml | - | liposomal formulations | 123 | |
| CZE | indirect UV | 30 μg/mL | - | standard | 110 | |
| GC | nitrogen-phosphorus detector | - | 0.3 μg/mL | plasma | 124 | |
| - | 0.5 μg/mL | urine | ||||
| Risedronate | IPC | UV | 30 ng/mL | 100 ng/mL | pharmaceuticals | 125 |
| IPC | UV | 0.48 μg/mL | 1.61 μg/mL | pharmaceuticals | 126 | |
| IPC | UV | 7 ng/mL | 10 ng/mL | rat plasma | 127 | |
| IPC | UV | - | 7.5 ng/mL | human urine | 128 |
HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; LOD, limit of detection; LOQ, limit of quantification; RP, reverse phase; ICP, inductively coupled plasma; ELSD, evaporative light-scattering detector; CZE, capillary zone electrophoresis; GC, gas chromatography; PAM, photoacoustic microscopy; PCL, poly(ε-caprolactone).