Table 1.

Resurgence events identified by the systematic literature review and their suggested causes

			Weakening of control activities					Technical problems			Increasing malaria potential
Place	Start	End	Funding or resource constraints	War, disaster, or strife	Purposeful cessation	Administrative problems, complacency, or poor execution	Community non-cooperation	Unknown or unspecified	Vector resistance	Drug resistance	Human or mosquito movement	Development/ industry changes	Socioeconomic weakening	Climate/ weather	War, disaster, or strife
Europe and Middle East
Spain	1936	1943		[47]							[47]	[47]	[47]		[47]
Italy	1941	1945		[5]											[5]
Russia	1960	?							[52]		[52]	[52]
Azerbaijan	1969	1981				[89]
Afghanistan	1970	1987		[26][60]		[26]			[26]		[26]
Turkey	1973	1977	[74]			[74]
Tajikistan	1990	1997		[90][29]
Azerbaijan	1990	1996	[28][89]	[28][89]							[28][89]		[28][89]
Turkey	1990	1994									[91]	[91]
Iran	1991	1999									[92]	[92]	[92]		[92]
Armenia	1994	1998	[93]	[94]									[94]		[93]
Africa
Liberia (Monrovia)	1948	1951	[22]*								[22]*	[22]*
Kenya (highlands)	1956	1961	[19]*			[19]*	[19]*
Kenya (Pare-Taveta)	1959	1962			[95]*[96]*[32]*
Cameroon (Yaounde)	1960	1963			[33]*[34]				[34]
Liberia	1961	?	[22]*		[22]*
Zanzibar	1967	1983			[37][97][9]
Swaziland	1971	1996	[53][21]			[53][21]					[53]*[21]	[53]*		[21]
Zambia	1976	2000	[98]					[99]
Nigeria (Garki)	1974	1975			[35]*
São Tomé and Príncipe	1973	1976		[100]
Mauritius	1975	1982				[27]					[27]	[27]		[27]
Madagascar (highlands)	1976	1988	[40]		[40]	[40]
Kenya (Kisumu)	1977	?	[42]				[42]	[101]
Ethiopia (Debre Zeit)	1980	1991	[25]*		[25]*						[25]*			[25]*
Mayotte	1981	1984						[102]						[102]
Sudan (Khartoum)	1981	1993						[51]		[103]	[51][104]			[104]	[104]
São Tomé and Príncipe	1985	2003	[43]			[100][43]	[43]		[43]
Zanzibar	1989	1997	[23]*			[23]*
Kenya (highlands)	1990	1998								[105][62][63]*		[105]		[55]*
Sudan (Gezira)	1990	1994	[5]
Uganda (highlands)	1990	1994									[106]	[106]
Zimbabwe	1995	2007	[107]							[108]
South Africa	1995	2000			[97]				[97]	[109][61]*		[109]
Asia
China	1960	1970		[31]										[31]
Sri Lanka	1964	1969	[26]		[20][26]	[26]						[26]
India	1965	1976	[110][26][18]*	[110][18]		[18]*[110]	[18]		[111]		[18]	[111,112]
Pakistan	1967	1972	[26]			[26]			[81]
Myanmar	1968	2008	[20]			[20]			[20]	[20]	[20]
Thailand	1970	1981	[20]			[20]	[20]		[20]	[20]	[20]
Nepal	1971	1986	[20]			[20]		[20]			[20]	[20]
Bangladesh	1971	1994	[20]	[48]*[113]		[48]*[20]			[20]	[20]	[48]*[113]	[48]*	[48]*		[48]*
Bhutan	1972	1994			[20]	[20]					[20]
Vietnam	1979	1991	[49]*			[49]*				[49]	[49]			[49]
Pakistan	1980	1992								[64]*	[114]*	[114]		[58]*	[114]*
Sri Lanka	1982	1987				[50]				[50]	[50]	[50]		[50]
India (Bombay)	1992	1997				[115]						[116]
Republic of Korea	1993	2000									[46]*
China (Central)	1995	2000	[117]		[118]
Americas
Nicaragua	1960	1968	[26]						[26]		[119]
Paraguay	1961	1967	[120]
Bolivia	1965	1979	[121][122]			[122]
Belize	1971	1983	[123]								[45][123]
Brazil	1974	1992	[123][44]								[124][44]	[44]
French Guiana	1975	1990				[54]	[41][54]			[54]	[125][41][54]				[41][54]
Haiti	1976	1982	[123]
Guatemala	1976	1998		[123]					[45][123]
Colombia	1976	1998		[126]		[75]
Dominican Republic	1978	1982	[123]								[123]
Mexico	1979	1985	[127][128]		[128]	[127]
Ecuador	1980	1990	[123]		[75]*	[127]
Peru	1981	1998			[75]					[129]	[129]
Guyana	1983	1991			[75]	[130]					[130]
Nicaragua	1983	1996	[131]	[26][131]		[131]*						[131]			[131]
Costa Rica	1990	1998	[54]		[54]	[54]					[5][54]	[5][54]
Belize	1991	1994			[132]*[133]
Suriname	1992	2001		[134]								[134]
Ecuador	1996	2002	[135]	[135]		[135]								[135]
Panama	2001	2004				[136]		[137]			[137]
Pacific
Indonesia	1963	1973	[26]	[26]					[26]	[26]
Malaysia (Sabah)	1967	1978				[26]	[26]		[26]	[26]	[26]
Solomon Islands	1976	1992				[26]		[26]	[26][138]		[26]
Papua New Guinea	1980	1990						[139]
Indonesia	1997	2000	[140]*[141]*			[140]*
Vanuatu	1999	2003	[142]			[142]

*Indicates in-depth quantitative or qualitative analysis of evidence for suggested causes.