Table 2.

Examining perceived risk as a mediator of associations between perceived safety/victimization and constrained behavior

		Avoidance Behavior						Defensive Behavior
	c	Path Coefficients		c/	Mediated Effect	Proportion Mediated	zab	c	Path Coefficients		c/	Mediated Effect	Proportion Mediated	zab
		a	b		ab	(%)			a	b		ab	(%)
Boys
Perceived safety
Road safety	0.453	0.186	0.290	0.399	-	-	-	0.329	0.186	0.303	0.272	0.056	1700	1.32
Incivilities	0.246	0.347	0.321	0.135	-	-	-	0.297	0.347	0.266	0.205	-	-	-
Personal	−0.586	0.325	0.073	−0.563	-	-	-	−0.354	−0.325	0.210	−0.285	-	-	-
Victimization	0.606	1. 224	0.382	0.137	0.468	77.2	1.36	0.567	1.224	0.365	0.121	0.447	78.8	1.54
Girls
Perceived safety
Road safety	0.389	0.201	0.708	0.247	0.143	36.8	2.20	0.189	0.201	0.559	0.077	0.113	59.8	2.12
Incivilities	0.938	0.322	0.432	0.799	0.139	14.8	1.64	0.579	0.322	0.388	0.454	0.125	21.6	2.08
Personal	−0.753	−0.322	0.354	−0.639	-	-	-	−0.350	−0.322	0.444	−0.207	−0.143	40.9	−2.63
Victimization	1.836	1.089	0.711	1.062	0.774	42.2	1.89	1.142	1.089	0.550	0.543	0.599	52.5	2.04

Path coefficients are: (c), total effect-association between independent variable and dependent variable; (a), association between independent variable and potential mediator; (b), association between potential mediator and dependent variable, adjusted for independent variables; (c^/), association between independent variable and dependent variable, adjusted for potential mediator. The mediated or in direct effect is denoted by ‘ab’. The z-score ‘Z_ab’ denotes the mediated effect divided by its standard error. If the magnitude of Z_ab > 1.96, then the mediated effect is significant at p < 0.05.

Bold: denotes statistical significance at p < 0.05.