Table II.
Percentage or mean (SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Total sample (N=46,750) | 6–11 years (N=20,314) | 12–14 years (N=12,079) | 15–17 years (N=14,357) |
Dependent variables | ||||
School performance | ||||
Problems in school | 30.54 | 30.22 | 32.18 | 29.45 |
Children who missed at least one school day | 78.01 | 78.51 | 78.11 | 76.93 |
Number of school missed days | 3.95 (6.63) | 3.69 (4.75) | 4.03 (6.68) | 4.37 (9.15) |
Homework completion | ||||
Never | 1.17 | 0.74 | 1.16 | 2.01 |
Rarely | 2.04 | 0.95 | 2.12 | 4.05 |
Sometimes | 10.92 | 6.23 | 13.11 | 17.61 |
Usually | 23.11 | 18.31 | 28.50 | 26.68 |
Always | 62.76 | 73.77 | 55.11 | 49.66 |
Psychosocial well-being | ||||
Shy (Child is withdrawn, does not get involved with others) | ||||
Never | 70.09 | 74.04 | 67.70 | 65.01 |
Rarely | 18.44 | 15.92 | 20.50 | 21.15 |
Sometimes | 9.06 | 7.95 | 9.26 | 10.98 |
Usually | 1.23 | 0.97 | 1.55 | 1.41 |
Always | 1.17 | 1.12 | 0.99 | 1.45 |
Inferior (Child feels worthless or inferior) | ||||
Never | 59.43 | 62.55 | 55.78 | 57.23 |
Rarely | 22.20 | 20.98 | 24.60 | 22.07 |
Sometimes | 15.54 | 14.10 | 16.13 | 17.71 |
Usually | 1.35 | 0.98 | 1.97 | 1.39 |
Always | 1.47 | 1.39 | 1.51 | 1.59 |
Unhappy (Child is unhappy, sad or depressed) | ||||
Never | 49.89 | 53.10 | 48.35 | 45.33 |
Rarely | 30.87 | 31.09 | 30.68 | 30.65 |
Sometimes | 17.31 | 14.36 | 18.77 | 21.45 |
Usually | 1.15 | 0.88 | 1.42 | 1.37 |
Always | 0.79 | 0.57 | 0.78 | 1.21 |
Friendly (Child gets along well with other children) | ||||
Never | 0.47 | 0.54 | 0.65 | 0.16 |
Rarely | 0.87 | 1.07 | 0.62 | 0.73 |
Sometimes | 8.55 | 8.73 | 7.85 | 8.96 |
Usually | 34.7 | 36.66 | 33.57 | 32.11 |
Always | 55.41 | 53.00 | 57.31 | 58.04 |
Independent variables | ||||
Dental Health | ||||
Any dental problem | 29.68 | 33.75 | 26.23 | 25.49 |
Dental Health Rating | ||||
Excellent/very good | 67.41 | 64.44 | 67.57 | 72.94 |
Good | 22.48 | 23.78 | 23.01 | 19.45 |
Fair/poor | 10.11 | 11.79 | 9.42 | 7.61 |
Demographic | ||||
Child’s age (6–17 years) | 11.59 (3.45) | 8.50 (1.70) | 13.03 (0.83) | 16.02 (0.80) |
Child’s sex (female) | 49.15 | 48.11 | 50.83 | 49.37 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||
White | 58.14 | 56.63 | 57.68 | 61.51 |
Black | 14.57 | 13.68 | 15.67 | 15.11 |
Hispanic | 19.76 | 20.94 | 19.93 | 17.32 |
Other | 7.53 | 8.75 | 6.72 | 6.05 |
Child born in the United States | 94.65 | 95.25 | 94.80 | 93.36 |
Birth position | 2.31 (0.96) | 2.64 (1.00) | 2.22 (0.85) | 1.77 (0.67) |
Number of kids in the household | 2.31 (0.94) | 2.47 (0.90) | 2.30 (0.93) | 2.02 (0.94) |
Number of adults in the household | 2.05 (0.58) | 2.00 (0.53) | 2.05 (0.60) | 2.13 (0.64) |
Mother’s age | 40.27 (7.04) | 37.48 (6.62) | 41.50 (6.39) | 44.34 (6.05) |
Mother’s married status (married) | 71.35 | 71.92 | 71.19 | 70.41 |
Socioeconomic | ||||
Mother’s education | ||||
Less than high school | 12.35 | 12.52 | 12.67 | 11.70 |
High school graduate | 25.60 | 24.05 | 25.62 | 28.53 |
More than high school | 62.05 | 63.43 | 61.70 | 59.77 |
Poverty level of household (1–8)a | 5.25 (2.64) | 5.15 (2.69) | 5.28 (2.62) | 5.42 (2.57) |
Employment b | 87.90 | 87.17 | 88.32 | 88.85 |
Child’s Health Care insurance coverage | 90.30 | 90.41 | 90.59 | 89.79 |
Health problems (ever diagnosed) | ||||
Learning disability | 12.72 | 11.07 | 13.52 | 15.06 |
Attention Deficit Disorder or Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder | 10.95 | 9.25 | 11.13 | 14.03 |
Behavioral or conduct problems | 5.3 | 5.06 | 4.88 | 6.20 |
Autism Spectrum Disorder | 1.95 | 2.41 | 1.84 | 1.17 |
Developmental delay that affects child’s ability to learn | 5.67 | 6.36 | 4.89 | 5.18 |
Stuttering, stammering or other speech problems | 6.74 | 8.57 | 5.91 | 4.1 |
Hearing problems | 3.46 | 3.51 | 3.02 | 3.84 |
Poverty level represents ranges of the percentage of federal poverty line (FPL) as follows: 1 (<100%), 2 (100%–133%), 3 (133%–150%), 4 (150%– 185%), 5 (185%– 200%), 6 (200%–300%), 7 (300%–400%), 8 (> 400%)
Anyone in the household employed at least 50 weeks out of the past 52 weeks