Table II.

Weighted Descriptive Statistics for Study Variables

	Percentage or mean (SD)
Variables	Total sample (N=46,750)	6–11 years (N=20,314)	12–14 years (N=12,079)	15–17 years (N=14,357)
Dependent variables
School performance
Problems in school	30.54	30.22	32.18	29.45
Children who missed at least one school day	78.01	78.51	78.11	76.93
Number of school missed days	3.95 (6.63)	3.69 (4.75)	4.03 (6.68)	4.37 (9.15)
Homework completion
Never	1.17	0.74	1.16	2.01
Rarely	2.04	0.95	2.12	4.05
Sometimes	10.92	6.23	13.11	17.61
Usually	23.11	18.31	28.50	26.68
Always	62.76	73.77	55.11	49.66
Psychosocial well-being
Shy (Child is withdrawn, does not get involved with others)
Never	70.09	74.04	67.70	65.01
Rarely	18.44	15.92	20.50	21.15
Sometimes	9.06	7.95	9.26	10.98
Usually	1.23	0.97	1.55	1.41
Always	1.17	1.12	0.99	1.45
Inferior (Child feels worthless or inferior)
Never	59.43	62.55	55.78	57.23
Rarely	22.20	20.98	24.60	22.07
Sometimes	15.54	14.10	16.13	17.71
Usually	1.35	0.98	1.97	1.39
Always	1.47	1.39	1.51	1.59
Unhappy (Child is unhappy, sad or depressed)
Never	49.89	53.10	48.35	45.33
Rarely	30.87	31.09	30.68	30.65
Sometimes	17.31	14.36	18.77	21.45
Usually	1.15	0.88	1.42	1.37
Always	0.79	0.57	0.78	1.21
Friendly (Child gets along well with other children)
Never	0.47	0.54	0.65	0.16
Rarely	0.87	1.07	0.62	0.73
Sometimes	8.55	8.73	7.85	8.96
Usually	34.7	36.66	33.57	32.11
Always	55.41	53.00	57.31	58.04
Independent variables
Dental Health
Any dental problem	29.68	33.75	26.23	25.49
Dental Health Rating
Excellent/very good	67.41	64.44	67.57	72.94
Good	22.48	23.78	23.01	19.45
Fair/poor	10.11	11.79	9.42	7.61
Demographic
Child’s age (6–17 years)	11.59 (3.45)	8.50 (1.70)	13.03 (0.83)	16.02 (0.80)
Child’s sex (female)	49.15	48.11	50.83	49.37
Race/ethnicity
White	58.14	56.63	57.68	61.51
Black	14.57	13.68	15.67	15.11
Hispanic	19.76	20.94	19.93	17.32
Other	7.53	8.75	6.72	6.05
Child born in the United States	94.65	95.25	94.80	93.36
Birth position	2.31 (0.96)	2.64 (1.00)	2.22 (0.85)	1.77 (0.67)
Number of kids in the household	2.31 (0.94)	2.47 (0.90)	2.30 (0.93)	2.02 (0.94)
Number of adults in the household	2.05 (0.58)	2.00 (0.53)	2.05 (0.60)	2.13 (0.64)
Mother’s age	40.27 (7.04)	37.48 (6.62)	41.50 (6.39)	44.34 (6.05)
Mother’s married status (married)	71.35	71.92	71.19	70.41
Socioeconomic
Mother’s education
Less than high school	12.35	12.52	12.67	11.70
High school graduate	25.60	24.05	25.62	28.53
More than high school	62.05	63.43	61.70	59.77
Poverty level of household (1–8)a	5.25 (2.64)	5.15 (2.69)	5.28 (2.62)	5.42 (2.57)
Employment b	87.90	87.17	88.32	88.85
Child’s Health Care insurance coverage	90.30	90.41	90.59	89.79
Health problems (ever diagnosed)
Learning disability	12.72	11.07	13.52	15.06
Attention Deficit Disorder or Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder	10.95	9.25	11.13	14.03
Behavioral or conduct problems	5.3	5.06	4.88	6.20
Autism Spectrum Disorder	1.95	2.41	1.84	1.17
Developmental delay that affects child’s ability to learn	5.67	6.36	4.89	5.18
Stuttering, stammering or other speech problems	6.74	8.57	5.91	4.1
Hearing problems	3.46	3.51	3.02	3.84

^aPoverty level represents ranges of the percentage of federal poverty line (FPL) as follows: 1 (<100%), 2 (100%–133%), 3 (133%–150%), 4 (150%– 185%), 5 (185%– 200%), 6 (200%–300%), 7 (300%–400%), 8 (> 400%)

^bAnyone in the household employed at least 50 weeks out of the past 52 weeks