Fig. 2.

Enhanced collective electrotaxis in epithelial sheets in both cathode and anode migrating cells. a, b Migration tracks of MDCK I cells in isolation and in monolayer in an EF of 200 mV/mm for 6 h. c, d Migration tracks of NRK cells in isolation and in monolayer in an EF of 200 mV/mm for 2 h. e, f Migration tracks of tracheal epithelial cells in isolation and in monolayer in an EF of 200 mV/mm for 30 min. g Consistently significantly enhanced electrotaxis of cells in monolayer over cells in isolation. MDCK I cells were exposed to 200 mV/mm for 6 h; NRK cells were exposed to 200 mV/mm for 2 h; tracheal epithelial cells were exposed to 200 mV/mm for 5 min; and BCECs were exposed to 50 mV/mm for 20 min. Data are from at least 100 cells from 3 independent experiments and shown as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.01 compared with isolated cells. See Supplementary Video S3