. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Sep 27.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Immunol. 2009 Mar 21;21(2):233–240. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.03.002

Table 2.

Opportunities for Improving ACT for the Treatment of Human Cancer^*

Approach	Selected Examples
1. Genetic modification of lymphocytes to introduce new recognition specificities	α-β TCR chimeric TCR
2. Genetic modification of lymphocytes to alter function functions of T cells	costimulatory molecules (CD8, 41BB) cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IL-15) homing molecules (CD62L, CCR7) prevention of apoptosis (Bcl-2)
3. Modify host lymphodepletion	selective depletion of CD4+ cells or T regulatory cells
4. Block inhibitory signals on reactive lymphocytes	antibodies to CTLA-4 or PD-1
5. Administer vaccines to stimulate transferred cells	recombinant virus, peptides, dendritic cells
6. Administer alternative cytokines to support cell growth	IL-15, IL-21, IL-12
7. Stimulate antigen presenting cells	toll-like receptor agonists
8. Generate less differentiated lymphocytes	select effector memory cells; alter growth promoting cytokines in vitro
9. Overcome antigen escape variants	NK cells

(modified from reference 6)