Table 2.
List of micronutrients with at least one study reporting deviations from recommended intake
| Micronutrient | Study | Sample | Intake status | RDA* (18–50 years) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | Male | ||||
| Vitamin A | Peiffer et al.41 | 17 male, 1 female (18–80 years) | Average above recommendation | 700 µg | 900 µg |
| Laven et al.55 | 46 male, 5 female (18–60 years) | 62% deficient | |||
| Levine et al.37 | 24 male, 9 female (10–50+ years) | Male average intake below recommendation | |||
| Moussavi et al.56 | 79 male, 31 female (22–82 years) | 16% below reference range for serum levels | |||
| Walters et al.33 | 63 male, 14 female (19–70+ years) | 92% of males and 57% of females below recommendation | |||
| Perret et al.34 | 18 male, 6 female (22–48 years) | Average above recommendation | |||
| Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) | Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Average below recommendation | N/A | |
| Perret et al.34 | 18 male, 6 female (22–48 years) | Average below recommendation | |||
| Vitamin B6 | Levine et al.37 | 24 male, 9 female (10–50+ years) | Average above recommendation** | 1.3 mg | 1.3 mg |
| Walters et al.33 | 63 male, 14 female (19–70+ years) | 24% of males below recommendation | |||
| Perret et al.34 | 18 male, 6 female (22–48 years) | Average above recommendation | |||
| Vitamin C | Peiffer et al.41 | 17 male, 1 female (18–80 years) | Average above recommendation | 75 mg | 90 mg |
| Barboriak42 | 37 male (average 33 years) | Average above recommendation | |||
| Laven et al.55 | 46 male, 5 female (18–60 years) | 25% deficient in plasma values (2–4wk post-injury only) | |||
| Levine et al.37 | 24 male, 9 female (10–50+ years) | Average above recommendation | |||
| Moussavi et al.56 | 79 male, 31 female (22–82 years) | 37% below reference range for serum levels | |||
| Tomey et al.36 | 95 male (20–59 years) | 25% below recommendation | |||
| Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Average above recommendation | |||
| Walters et al.33 | 63 male, 14 female (19–70+ years) | 52% of males, 14% of females below recommendation | |||
| Perret et al.34 | 18 male, 6 female (22–48 years) | Average below recommendation for males | |||
| Vitamin D | Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Average below recommendation | 15 µg | 15 µg |
| Perret et al.34 | 18 male, 6 female (22–48 years) | Average below recommendation | |||
| Vitamin E | Levine et al.37 | 24 male, 9 female (10–50+ years) | Average below recommendation | 15 µg | 15 µg |
| Moussavi et al.56 | 79 male, 31 female (22–82 years) | “Significant proportion” below serum reference range (average within range) | |||
| Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Average below recommendation | |||
| Perret et al.34 | 18 male, 6 female (22–48 years) | Average below recommendation | |||
| Vitamin K | Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Average recommended intake | 90 µg | 120 µg |
| Perret et al.34 | 18 male, 6 female (22–48 years) | Average above recommendation | |||
| Biotin | Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Average below recommendation | N/A | |
| Perret et al.34 | 18 male, 6 female (22–48 years) | Average above recommendation | |||
| Calcium | Peiffer et al.41 | 17 male, 1 female (18–80 years) | Average at or above recommendation | 1000 (mg) | 1000 (mg) |
| Levine et al.37 | 24 male, 9 female (10–50+ years) | Average below recommendation | |||
| Tomey et al.36 | 95 male (20–59 years) | Average below recommendation (43% below “safety level”) | |||
| Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Average below recommendation | |||
| Perret et al.34 | 18 male, 6 female (22–48 years) | Average at recommendation | |||
| Chloride | Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Average below recommendation | N/A | |
| Chromium | Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Average below recommendation | N/A | |
| Copper | Laven et al.55 | 46 male, 5 female (18–60 years) | 11% of plasma levels below recommendation | 900 µg | 900 µg |
| Levine et al.37 | 24 male, 9 female (10–50+ years) | Average above recommendation** | |||
| Folate | Laven et al.55 | 46 male, 5 female (18–60 years) | Average of plasma levels above recommendation | 400 µg | 400 µg |
| Levine et al.37 | 24 male, 9 female (10–50+ years) | Average below recommendation | |||
| Tomey et al.36 | 95 male (20–59 years) | 33% below recommendation | |||
| Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Average below recommendation (males only) | |||
| Walters et al.33 | 63 male, 14 female (19–70+ years) | 75–79% below recommendation | |||
| Perret et al.34 | 18 male, 6 female (22–48 years) | Average below recommendation | |||
| Iodine | Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Average below recommendation | N/A | |
| Iron | Peiffer et al.41 | 17 male, 1 female (18–80 years) | Average above recommendation | 18 mg | 8 mg |
| Tomey et al.36 | 95 male (20–59 years) | “Nearly everyone” met recommendation | |||
| Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Average above recommendation | |||
| Walters et al.33 | 63 male, 14 female (19–70+ years) | Average above recommendation | |||
| Perret et al.34 | 18 male, 6 female (22–48 years) | Average below recommendation | |||
| Molybdenum | Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Average below recommendation | N/A | |
| Magnesium | Levine et al.37 | 24 male, 9 female (10–50+ years) | Average below recommendation | 310–320 mg | 400–420 mg |
| Walters et al.33 | 63 male, 14 female (19–70+ years) | 89% of males, 71% of females below recommendation | |||
| Perret et al.34 | 18 male, 6 female (22–48 years) | Average below recommendation** | |||
| Potassium | Barboriak42 | 37 male (average 33 years) | Average below recommendation | 4700 mg | 4700 mg |
| Levine et al.37 | 24 male, 9 female (10–50+ years) | Average below recommendation | |||
| Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Average below recommendation | |||
| Perret et al.34 | 18 male, 6 female (22–48 years) | Average below recommendation | |||
| Thiamin | Peiffer et al.41 | 17 male, 1 female (18–80 years) | Average above recommendation | 1.1 mg | 1.3 mg |
| Barboriak42 | 37 male (average 33 years) | Average above recommendation | |||
| Laven et al.55 | 46 male, 5 female (18–60 years) | 24% below average | |||
| Levine et al.37 | 24 male, 9 female (10–50+ years) | Average above recommendation | |||
| Walters et al.33 | 63 male, 14 female (19–70+ years) | 22% of males, 14% of females deficient | |||
| Zinc | Levine et al.37 | 24 male, 9 female (10–50+ years) | Male average below, females** above recommendation | 8 mg | 11 mg |
| Groah et al.27,31 | 61 male, 12 female (20–73 years) | Male average below***, females above recommendation | |||
| Perret et al.34 | 18 male, 6 female (22–48 years) | Average below recommendation for males | |||
*RDA (Recommended Daily Intake) Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010.
**Original article reports it as below recommendation but recommendation is different from USDA 2010.
***Original article reports it as within recommendation but recommendation is different from USDA 2010.