Table 1.

Patient demographic data and clinical characteristics.

	GD-RL(n = 20)	GD-C(n = 20)	R-RL(n = 20)
Age (yrs)	56.7±6.9	52.8±11.8	53.3±13.0
Sex (M/F)	14/6	14/6	14/6
Height (cm)	167.1±6.6	167.3±9.4	165.0±8.0
Weight (kg)	60.1±10.7	62.9±7.4	62.3±9.6
ASA class (I/II)	11/9	10/10	11/9
Comorbidity
Diabetes	3 (15%)	2 (10%)	3 (15%)
Hypertension	5 (25%)	4 (25%)	3 (15%)
CAD	2 (10%)	1 (5%)	1 (5%)
COPD	4 (20%)	5 (20%)	3 (15%)
Asthma	1 (5%)	0 (0)	0 (0)

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; CAD: coronary artery disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The data are presented as the means±SD or the number (%).

Notes: All of the patients with comorbidities had been optimized before anesthesia and surgery.