Table 1.
Participant characteristics and non-motor assessments
| Participant characteristics | PD (N = 15) | Controls (N = 18) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 65.7 (12.3) | 60.3 (13.5) | 0.24 |
| Number of women (%) | 4 (26.7%) | 9 (50.0%) | 0.28 |
| Hoehn and Yahr Stage | 1.7 (0.6) | 0 | |
| UPDRS-III (motor) | 10.7 (4.1) | 0 | |
| UPDRS total Score | 19.1 (8.9) | 0 | |
| Mean levodopa dose equivalent (mg) | 516 (376.7) | 0 | |
| Participants taking dopamine agonists (%) | 5 (33.3%) | 0 |
| Domain | Measure | PD | Control | Effect size | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Olfactory | UPSIT smell score (total correct)* | 20.7 (7.9) | 31.4 (7.5) | 1.16 | < 0.01 |
| Pupil | Constriction velocity (mm/s) | 1.59 (0.40) | 1.73 (0.52) | 0.31 | 0.40 |
| Redilation velocity (mm/s) | 0.34 (0.16) | 0.26 (0.14) | 0.53 | 0.83 | |
| Cardiovascular | LF HRV (×10−1 s2/Hz)* | 6.8 (4.9) | 13.7 (8.4) | 0.88 | 0.02 |
| HF HRV (×10−1 s2/Hz)* | 2.6 (1.8) | 7.4 (5.3) | 1.00 | 0.01 | |
| LF:HF HRV ratio | 2.63 (0.99) | 2.32 (1.56) | 0.23 | 0.26 | |
| Positional change in SBP (mmHg)* | −15.53 (11.04) | −2.83 (11.75) | 0.98 | < 0.01 | |
| Depression | HAM-D* | 6.6 (6.3) | 2.5 (4.1) | 0.74 | 0.01 |
| Cognition | MMSE score | 29.5 (1.0) | 29.4 (1.3) | 0.03 | 0.79 |
| Activities of daily living | Schwab and England ADLs scale* | 90.7 (8.8) | 100 (0) | 1.24 | < 0.01 |
| Non-motor symptoms | NMSS*total | 17 (13.5) | 2.4 (5.5) | 1.19 | < 0.01 |
| GI-specific items | NMSSGI* | 2.9 (3.4) | 0.1 (0.2) | 1.07 | < 0.01 |
| Quality of life | SF-36 Healthy Survey | 32.1 (10.9) | 18.8 (7.8) | 1.17 | < 0.01 |
| PDQ-39 Questionnaire | 13.9 (9.2) | 0.6 (2.4) | 1.45 | < 0.01 |
UPDRS Unified Parkinson disease rating scale, UPSIT University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, LF low frequency, HF high frequency, HRV heart rate variability, SBP systolic blood pressure, HAM-D Hamilton depression scale, MMSE Folstein mini-mental status exam, ADLs activities of daily living, NMSS non-motor symptoms scale, GI gastrointestinal, SF-36 Short Form 36 health survey, PDQ-39 Parkinson’s disease Questionnaire-39
*
p < 0.10