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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Nov 8.
Published in final edited form as: IEEE Robot Autom Mag. 2011 Dec 8;18(4):35–46. doi: 10.1109/MRA.2011.942997

Fig. 12.

Fig. 12

An image of a needle inserted through a membrane is superimposed over an image of needle insertion without the membrane. To simulate a membrane, we created an interface between two artificial tissues using plastic wrap. Depending on the orientation of the needle upon reaching this membrane, the needle can be steered off course.