Figure 1.

Cardiometabolic disturbances in PCOS. These include insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, dyslipidemia, and alterations of the secretion and/or metabolic action of various adipokines, proinflammatory markers, and gut hormones, which may finally contribute to the observed increased prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, NASH, OSA, and CVD in women with PCOS. However, for many of these factors, it remains to be determined whether they are causally involved in the pathogenesis of the syndrome or, alternatively, represent a consequence of changes in other factors.