Table 4.

Hazard Ratios for Interactions by Parents’ Marital Status at Offsrping’s Birth and Father’s Education and Race, and by Fathers’ Education, Offspring’s Gender, and Select Covariates (N =11,180)^a

Race/Ethnicity Interaction (ref=NMB & White)
Parents’ NMB & African American	2.19 ^***
Parents’ NMB & Hispanic	1.87 ^***
Parents’ NMB & Other	.96
Parents’ MB & White	.79^†
Parents’ MB & African American	2.25 ^***
Parents’ MB & Hispanic	1.24
Parents’ MB & Other	1.05
*Interactions with Fathers’ (and Mothers’) Education*
Fathers’ Education Interaction^b (ref=NMB & Low education)
Parents’ NMB & High education	.81 ^*
Parents’ MB & High education	.73 ^***
Parents’ MB & Low education	.86 ^*
Parents Broke Up by Age 14 & Fathers’ Education (ref=Parents Together by Age 14 & High Education)
Parents Together & Low Education	1.19 ^**
Parents Not Together & Low Education	1.79 ^***
Parents Not Together & High Education	1.51 ^***
Mother Worked During Childhood & Mothers’ Education (ref=Mother Worked & High Education)
Mother Worked & Low Education	1.10
Mother Did Not Work & High Education	.98
Mother Did Not Work & Low Education	.87
Number of Siblings^* Fathers’ Education (ref=High Education)	1.04 ^***
Age at First Sex ≤ 15 & Fathers’ Education (ref=Age at First Sex > 15 & High Education)
Age at First Sex > 15 & Low Education	1.19 ^**
Age at First Sex ≤ 15 & High Education	.00
Age at First Sex ≤ 15 & Low Education	2.15 ^**
*Interactions with Gender*
Parents Broke Up by Age 14 & Gender (ref=Parents Together by Age 14 & Male )
Parents Together & Female	1.98 ^***
Parents Not Together & Male	1.48 ^***
Parents Not Together & Female	2.95 ^***
Mother Worked During Childhood & Gender (ref=Mother Worked & Male)
Mother Worked & Female	2.03 ^***
Mother Did Not Work & Male	.93
Mother Did Not Work & Female	1.75 ^***
Number of Siblings^* Gender (ref=Female)	.87 ^***
Age at First Sex ≤ 15 & Gender (ref=Age at First Sex > 15 & Male)
Age at First Sex > 15 & Female	1.99 ^***
Age at First Sex ≤ 15 & Male	2.06 ^*
Age at First Sex ≤ 15 & Female	4.02 ^***

^†

p<.10

p<.05

^**

p<.01

^***

p<.001

Note: NMB: Nonmarital birth. MB: Marital birth

These results are from a pooled sample for men and women and include all covariates. Each interaction model was estimated separately.

For simplicity, we refer to those whose fathers had a high school degree or less as low education and those whose fathers had some college or more as high education.