Table 2.

Family health history criteria for predicting risk of podoconiosis in endemic areas

Criteria (Wilson and Jungner 1968; Yoon et al. 2002)	Podoconiosis	Reference
Accuracy with which the disease can be recalled	Progressive swelling and disfigurement of the lower legs; the pattern of settlement and the strong family relationship in rural Ethiopia keeps families closely connected minimizing recall bias	(Price 1972; Davey et al. 2007b)
Prevalence of the disease in the population	Has high prevalence (average 5 %); prevalence higher than that of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis in endemic areas	(Price 1972; Destas et al. 2003; Mengistu et al. 1987; Kloos et al. 1992; Alemu et al. 2011; Geshere Oli et al. 2012)
Risk associated with family history	Significant familial aggregation with an estimated risk genotype frequency of 15–40 %	(Price 1972; Davey et al. 2007a)
	High heritability (63 %), high sibling recurrence risk ratio (5.1)
Availability of effective early detection and prevention measures	Footwear and personal hygiene effective in prevention	(Price 1990; Kloos et al. 1992)
No stigma associated with being at above average risk	There is prevailing belief that podoconiosis has familial component. The resulting stigma is immense. Currently, the level of stigma is declining in southern Ethiopia because of community-based education programs and unaffected people are now appreciating the fact that podoconiosis is preventable with regular wearing of shoes and proper foot hygiene	(Yakob et al. 2008; Tekola et al. 2009)
Cost of the tool	Family health history can be obtained during routine household visits by existing fieldworkers/health extension workers or at clinic visits by patients	(Davey and Burridge 2009; Alemu et al. 2011; Datiko and Lindtjorn 2009)