Table 1. Autophagy induction of targeted agents available for HNSCC.
Class | Drug | Targets | Autophagy | Combined with: | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TK inhibitor |
Gefitinib |
EGFR (TK domain ATP binding site) |
Survival |
CDDP, IFN-α, MK, RAD, TXT |
15–20 |
|
Erlotinib |
EGFR (TK domain ATP binding site) |
Survival |
BV, CDDP, GEM, RAD, TXL, TXT |
21–24 |
Src kinase inhibitor |
Dasatinib |
Bcr-Abl, Src family, PDGFR, EphA2 |
Death |
CET, RAD, TMZ |
25–29 |
|
Saracatinib |
Bcr-Abl, Src family |
Survival |
CBDCA, CQ, GEM, TXL, ZOL |
30–34 |
Monoclonal Ab |
Cetuximab |
EGFR domain III |
Survival |
CDDP, CPT-11, ER, 5-FU, L-OHP, RAD, TXT |
36–40 |
|
Panitumumab |
EGFR domain III |
ND |
CAP, EPI, 5-FU, L-OHP |
41–44 |
Multi-TK inhibitor |
Sunitinib |
VEGFR, FLT3, PDGFR, c-kit |
Death |
BV, IFN-α, TE |
45–48 |
|
Sorafenib |
Raf kinase, VEGFR, PDGFR |
Survival |
BV, CBDCA, DXR, 5-FU, GEM, TE, TXL, TXT |
49–53 |
|
Lapatinib |
ATP binding sites of EGFR and ErbB2 |
Survival |
CAP, CDDP, L-OHP, TXL |
54–57 |
Proteasome inhibitor |
Bortezomib |
NF-κB |
ND |
BV, HER, SAHA, TXT |
58–62 |
mTOR inhibitor |
Rapamycin |
mTORC1, Ser/Thr kinases |
Death |
CBDCA, CDDP, DXR, TPT, TXL |
63–67 |
|
Everolimus |
mTORC1, VEGF |
Death |
CAP, CDDP, DXR, 5-FU, L-OHP, RAD, TXL |
68–70 |
|
Temsirolimus |
mTORC1, VEGF, Cell cycle |
Death |
BV, IFN-α, RAD, SAHA |
71–74 |
Chaperone inhibitor |
17-AAG |
Hsp90, Beclin 1, NF-κB |
Survival |
CPT-11, HER, TXL |
75–82 |
Epigenetic drug | Vorinostat | Histone deacetylase | Death | BOR, CDDP, DXR, 5-FU, RAD, TXL | 83–89 |
Abbreviations: BOR, bortezomib; BV, bevacizumab; CAP, capecitabine; CBDCA, carboplatin; CDDP, cisplatin; CET, cetuximab; CPT-11, irinotecan; CQ: chloroquine, DXR, doxorubicin; EPI, epirubicin; ER, erlotinib; 5-FU, fluorouracil; GEM, gemcitabine; HER, trastuzumab; IFN-α, interferon- α; L-OHP, oxaliplatin; MK, MK-2206; RAD, radiation; SAHA, vorinostat; TE, temsirolimus; TMZ, temozolomide; TPT, topotecan, TXL, paclitaxel; TXT, docetaxel; ZOL, zoledronic acid; ND, not determined; TK, tyrosine kinase.