Table 1.
Studies reporting chlamydia prevalence data, identified in general practice or community settings
| Study | Location | Participants | Study design | Specimen type | Response rate (%) | Sex | Age (years) | Study period | Tested (n) | Positive (n) | Prevalence % (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
General Population |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hocking [16] |
VIC (Melb) |
Women recruited from the telephone directory |
Cross-sectional survey |
Urine |
43 |
F |
18–35 |
2003–2004 |
657 |
6 |
0.9 (0.3, 2.0) |
| (18–24) |
135 |
5 |
3.7 (1.2, 8.4) |
||||||||
| (25–35) |
489 |
1 |
0.2 (0.0, 1.1) |
||||||||
|
Community |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Debattista [17] |
QLD (Bris) |
University students at residential colleges |
Cross-sectional survey |
Urine |
30–50 |
F |
<25 |
1997 |
178 |
2 |
1.1 (0.1, 4.0)* |
| M |
96 |
0 |
0 (0.0, 3.8)* |
||||||||
| Debattista [18] |
QLD (Bris) |
High school students |
Cross-sectional survey |
Urine |
30–50 |
F |
15–18 |
1998–2001 |
516 |
12 |
2.3 (1.2, 4.0)** |
| M |
(1998) |
170 |
2 |
1.2 (0.2, 4.6)* |
|||||||
| (1999) |
147 |
5 |
3.4 (1.3, 8.2)* |
||||||||
| (2000) |
101 |
0 |
0 (0.0, 4.6)* |
||||||||
| (2001) |
98 |
5 |
5.1 (1.9, 12.1)* |
||||||||
| 1998–2001 |
658 |
3 |
0.5 (0.1, 1.3)** |
||||||||
| (1998) |
339 |
0 |
0 (0.0, 1.4)* |
||||||||
| (1999) |
132 |
1 |
0.8 (0.0, 4.8)* |
||||||||
| (2000) |
94 |
0 |
0 (0.0, 4.9)* |
||||||||
| (2001) |
93 |
2 |
2.2 (0.4, 8.3)* |
||||||||
| Bowden [19] |
ACT |
High school students |
Cross-sectional survey |
F: urine/ swab |
31 |
F |
15–20 |
2002–2003 |
273 |
2 |
0.7 (0.1, 2.6) |
| M |
179 |
3 |
1.7 (0.3, 4.8) |
||||||||
| M: urine |
|||||||||||
| Davis [20] |
ACT |
Tertiary students recruited at outreach screening services |
Clinical outreach pilot |
Urine |
29.4 |
M/F |
16–26 |
2007 |
445 |
8 |
1.8 (0.1, 3.5)* |
| Gold [21] |
VIC (rural/ regional) |
Men attending rural football clubs |
Cross-sectional survey |
Urine |
85 |
M |
16–29 |
2006–2007 |
77 |
3 |
3.9 (0.8, 11.0) |
| Wade [22] |
VIC (Melb) |
Heterosexual men attending sporting clubs |
Cross-sectional survey |
Urine |
87 |
M |
16–29 |
n.r. |
47 |
4 |
8.5 (2.4, 20.4)** |
| Buhrer-Skinner [23] |
QLD (Towns-ville) |
Individuals attending outreach screening services set up in a variety of community locations |
Cross-sectional survey |
M: urine |
n.r. |
M/F |
21A |
2004–2005 |
303 |
15 |
5.0 (2.8, 8.0)* |
| F: urine/ swab |
(M) |
25 |
75 |
5 |
Army: 6.7 (2.2, 14.9) |
||||||
| |
(M/F) |
21 |
95 |
5 |
University: 5.3 (1.7, 11.9) |
||||||
| |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| (M/F) |
17 |
68 |
0 |
High school festivities: 0 (0, 5.3) |
|||||||
| (M/F) |
25 |
65 |
5 |
Backpackers: 7.7 (2.5, 17.0) |
|||||||
| Kong [24]; Kong [25] |
VIC (rural/ regional) |
Young people attending sporting clubs |
Cross-sectional survey |
Urine |
>95 |
F |
16–29 |
2007 |
121 |
9 |
7.4 (3.5, 13.7)** |
| M |
426 |
19 |
4.5 (2.7, 6.9) |
||||||||
| Sacks-Davis [26] |
VIC (Melb) |
Young people attending a music festival |
Cross-sectional survey |
Urine |
21 |
F |
16–29 |
2009 |
46 |
0 |
0 (0.0, 7.7)* |
| M |
21 |
1 |
4.8 (0.1, 23.8)* |
||||||||
| Davies [27] |
NSW (Sydney) |
Young international backpackers recruited at hostels |
Cross-sectional survey |
F: swab |
45.7 |
F |
18–30 |
2009 |
207 |
8 |
3.9 (1.7, 7.5) |
| M: urine |
50.2 |
M |
(≤25) |
166 |
5 |
3.0 (1.0, 6.9)* |
|||||
| (26–30) |
41 |
3 |
7.3 (1.5, 19.9)* |
||||||||
| 18–30 |
225 |
7 |
3.1 (1.3, 6.3) |
||||||||
| (≤25) |
164 |
6 |
3.7 (1.4, 7.8)* |
||||||||
| (26–30) |
61 |
1 |
1.6 (0.4, 8.8)* |
||||||||
|
General Practice |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Heal [28] |
QLD (Mackay) |
Young people attending general practices |
Cross-sectional survey |
Urine |
68 |
F/M |
18–24 |
2001 |
443 |
17 |
3.8 (2.3, 6.1)* |
| Chiang [29] |
VIC (rural) |
Women attending general practices |
Cross-sectional survey |
Swab |
n.d. |
F |
15–35 |
n.r. |
67 |
9 |
13.4 (6.3, 24.0)* |
| Toyne [30] |
ACT |
Women attending general practices |
Cross-sectional survey |
Swab |
n.d. |
F |
17–39 |
2002–2003 |
353 |
4 |
1.1 (0.3, 2.9) |
| Bowden [31] |
ACT |
Women attending general practices |
Cluster randomised controlled trial |
Swab/ urine |
6.9 in intervention; 4.5 in control |
F |
16–39 |
2004–2005 |
1593 |
69 |
4.3 (3.4, 5.5) |
| (16–19) |
196 |
10 |
5.1 (2.5, 9.2) |
||||||||
| (20–25) |
576 |
37 |
6.4 (4.6, 8.7) |
||||||||
| (26–30) |
425 |
19 |
4.5 (2.7, 6.9) |
||||||||
| (31–39) |
396 |
3 |
0.7 (0.2, 2.2) |
||||||||
| Hince [32] |
WA (Perth) |
Men attending general practices |
Cross-sectional survey |
Urine |
63–100 |
M |
15–29 |
2007–2008 |
383 |
14 |
3.7 (2.0, 6.1)** |
| Bilardi [33] |
VIC (urban and rural) |
Women attending general practices |
Cluster randomised controlled trial |
Any |
6.2–11.5 |
F |
16–24 |
2008–2009 |
843 |
66 |
7.8 (6.1, 9.9)* |
| Walker [34] | Australia-wide | Women attending primary health care clinics | Cross-sectional survey | Swab | 66 | F | 16–25 | 2007–2008 | 738 | 25 | 3.4 (1.5, 5.3) |
Studies are presented in order of publication year and author. * Confidence intervals calculated by authors. ** Re-calculated confidence intervals differ from those reported. A Median. ACT, Australian Capital Territory; Bris, Brisbane; F, female; GP, general practice, general practitioner; M, male; Melb, Melbourne; NA, not applicable; n.d., not determined; n.r., not reported; NSW, New South Wales; QLD, Queensland; VIC, Victoria; WA, Western Australia. Participant numbers reflect numbers from which epidemiological data was calculated, with sub-group numbers (e.g. by age or year) in brackets.