Table 1. Studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Author, Year* (Country)† | Study period (years) | All male subjects | PCa cases | Description of exposure∥ | Definition of statin use¶ | Number of variables adjusted# |
| Lovastatin study groups, 1993 (U.S., Canada & Finland) [11] ‡ | NR | 504 | 5 | a | A | 1 |
| Blais et al., 2000 (Canada) [15] § | 6 (1988–1994) | 858 | 78 | b | NR | 1, 27, 31, 33, 34 |
| Graaf et al., 2004 (Netherlands) [16] § | 3 (1995–1998) | 9,785 | 186 | c | NR | 1, 3, 5, 11–13, 27, 29–31 |
| Kaye and Jick, 2004 (U.K.) [12] § | 12 (1990–2002) | 8,020 | 569 | d | B | 1, 4, 19, 32 |
| Friis et al., 2005 (Denmark) [9] ‡ | 13 (1989–2002) | 168,133 | 1407 | e | C | 1, 5, 28, 29 |
| Shannon et al., 2005 (U.S.) [17] § | 7 (1997–2004) | 302 | 100 | e | C | 1–5, 25, 27 |
| Platz et al., 2006 (U.S.) [10] ‡ | 12 (1990–2002) | 34,989 | 2,579 | d | A | 1, 3, 4, 8, 10, 19–26 |
| Sato et al., 2006 (Japan) [13] ‡ | 14 (1991–2005) | 215 | 2 | f | A | 1 |
| Flick et al., 2007 (U.S.) [8] ‡ | 2 (2002–2004) | 69,047 | 888 | g | B | 1–3 |
| Murtola et al., 2007 (Finland) [14] § | 7 (1995–2002) | 49,446 | 24,723 | g | C | 1, 11–17 |
| Boudreau et al., 2008 (U.S.) [25] ‡ | 2 (1990–2005) | 83,372 | 2,532 | g | C | 1, 3, 5, 7, 27 |
| Friedman et al., 2008 (U.S.) [34] ‡ | 9 (1994–2003) | NR | 1,706 | e | B | 35 |
| Smeeth et al., 2008 (U.K.) [35] ‡ | 11 (1995–2006) | 364,675 | 3,525 | d | B | 1, 3, 9, 11–14, 27, 28, 35–38 |
| Agalliu et al., 2008 (U.S.) [37] § | 13 (2002–2005) | 1,943 | 1,001 | d | A | 1, 2, 4, 8, 19 |
| Breau et al., 2010 (U.S.) [26] ‡ | 17 (1990–2007) | 2,447 | 224 | d | A | 1, 3, 5, 9, 39–41 |
| Haukka et al., 2010 (Finland) [30] ‡ | 9 (1996–2005) | 10,928 | 1051 | d | C | 1, 42 |
| Hippisley et al., 2010 (England & Wales) [36] ‡ | 6 (2002–2008) | 990,495 | 7,129 | d | B | NR |
| Murtola et al., 2010 (Finland) [5] ‡ | 8 (1996–2004) | 23,208 | 1,594 | d | C | 1, 8, 10, 12–17, 24, 35 |
| Coogan et al., 2010 (U.S.) [31] § | 6 (1992–2008) | 3,374 | 1,367 | e | A | 2, 4–6, 18, 19, 32, 43, 44 |
| Loeb et al., 2010 (U.S.) [27] § | 6 (2003–2009) | 1,351 | 1,351 | e | B | 45 |
| Farwell et al., 2011 (England) [6] ‡ | 10 (1997–2007) | 55,875 | 546 | h | B | 1, 3, 7–9, 18, 19, 39, 46–52 |
| Tan et al., 2011 (Ohio) [28] ‡ | 10 (2000–2010) | 4,204 | 1,797 | g | B | 1, 2, 4, 53, 54 |
| Jacobs et al., 2011 (U.S.) [38] ‡ | 10 (1997–2007) | 3,913 | NR | i | A | 1–10, 18 |
| Chang et al., 2011 (Taiwan) [32] § | 3 (2005–2008) | 1,940 | 388 | g | C | 3, 5, 9, 27, 32, 39, 55, 56 |
| Fowke et al., 2011 (U.S.) [33] § | 8 (2002–2010) | 2,148 | 1029 | g | A | 1–4, 9, 8–10, 24, 45, 54, 55 |
| Mondul et al., 2011 (Maryland) [29] § | 13 (1993–2006) | 2,399 | 683 | d | A | 1, 2, 4, 10, 13, 19, 24 |
| Marcella et al., 2011 (New Jersey) [7] § | 3 (1997–2000) | 767 | 387 | g | B | 1, 2, 4, 6, 13, 57, 58 |
PCa, Prostate cancer; NR, Not reported.
Publication year;
Country of study conducted;
Cohort studies;
Case-control studies.
a, systematic use of lovastatin vs. SEER data; b, any use of statin vs. use of bile acid-binding resins; c, use of statins vs. no use of statins; d, current use of statins vs. no current use of statins; e, any use of statins vs. no use of statins; f, systematic use of statins vs. general population; g, ever use of statins vs. no use of statins; h, use of statins vs. use of anti-hypertensives; i, current use of cholesterol-lowering drugs vs. never use of cholesterol-lowering drugs.
A, self-reported; B, medical records; C, prescription database.
1, age; 2, race; 3, diabetes mellitus; 4, BMI; 5, NSAID use; 6, education; 7, elevated cholesterol; 8, history of PSA testing; 9, cardiovascular disease; 10, family history of prostate cancer; 11, use of diuretics; 12, use of calcium channel blockers; 13, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; 14, use of angiotensin receptor blockers; 15, use of metformin; 16, use of sulfonylureas; 17, use of insulin; 18, alcohol use; 19, smoking; 20, height; 21, major ancestry; 22, vasectomy; 23, vigorous physical activity; 24, aspirin use; 25, total energy intake; 26, intakes of calcium, fructose, a-linolenic acid, tomato sauce, red meat, fish, supplemental zinc, and high intake of vitamin E; 27, use of other lipid-lowering drugs; 28, use of cardiovascular drugs; 29, use of hormones; 30, prior hospitalisation; 31, chronic disease score; 32, frequency of physician visits; 33, previous neoplasm; 34, use of fibric acids; 35, calendar period of PSA screening; 36, propensity score; 37, cancer; 38, dementia; 39, hypertension; 40, use of 5-α reductase inhibitors; 41, use of α-blockers; 42, follow-up period; 43, study center; 44, interview year; 45, clinical stage and biopsy gleason score; 46, weight; 47, thyroid disease; 48, renal failure; 49, chest pain; 50, mental illness; 51, lung disease; 52, gastro-intestinal disease; 53,number of cores taken; 54, prostate volume; 55, benign prostatic hyperplasia; 56, matching variables.