Table 2. Serum cytokine levels (pg/ml), insulin resistance or sensitivity indexes, relative mRNA levels and concentration of cytokines in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (pg/mg of protein) and intracellular signaling (expressed as % control) in both fat depots.
| Control | Pair-fed | Leptin | |||
| Serum | Cytokines | Leptin | 3.04±0.63 | 2.02±0.52 | 13.75±2.86 *** ### |
| IL-2 | 75.5±22.1 | 70.6±9.8 | 185.7±23.6 ** ## | ||
| IL-4 | 3.39±1.16 | 2.81±0.88 | 12.07±2.00 *** ### | ||
| IFN-γ | 24.4±6.8 | 28.4±10.3 * | 44.8±12.8 * # | ||
| TNF-α | 2.61±0.37 | 0.95±0.32 *** | 0.67±0.22 *** | ||
| Insulin- indexes | HOMA-IR | 3.98±0.45 | 3.70±0.52 | 7.72±1.76 * # | |
| Δ glycemia | 42.9±5.4 | 40.7±3.8 | 18.5±4.0 ** ## | ||
| Subcutaneous/ visceral | Relative mRNA levels | IL-2 | 100±34/ 100±32 | 143±55/ 161±48 | 239±66 */ 303±56 * |
| IFN-γ | 100±29/ 100±31 | 131±46/ 223±112 | 159±37/ 1126±648 *** ### | ||
| TNF-α | 100±42/ 100±25 | 67±21/ 216±80 | 98±19/ 208±54 | ||
| Protein levels | IL-2 | 76.0±4.7/ 92.5±9.6 | 73.8±5.5/ 102.8±7.0 | 86.3±10.8/ 68.5±5.9 * # | |
| IFN-γ | 0.82±0.20/ 1.84±0.34 | 1.14±0.22/ 2.60±0.52 | 2.76±0.62 * #/ 5.58±1.05 * # | ||
| TNF-α | 0.15±0.03/ 2.29±0.15 | 0.14±0.02/ 1.96±0.14 | 0.16±0.06/ 0.71±0.24 * # | ||
| Immune – inflammatory markers | Vimentin | 100±15/ 100±13 | 124±13/ 119±26 | 144±15 */ 5±1 *** ### | |
| Haptoglobin | 1.01±0.59/ 2.83±1.53 | 1.56±0.26/ 5.46±2.27 | 7.16±0.69 ** ##/ 10.60±1.54 * | ||
| Intracellular signaling | ObRb | 100±18/ 100±39 | 198±69/ 439±49 ** | 620±92 ** ##/ 163±52 ## | |
| p/t STAT3 | 100±22/ 100±33 | 258±23/ 508±139 ** | 744±57 ** ##/ 242±76 ** ## | ||
| SOCS3 | 100±13/ 100±19 | 66±9 79±24 | 88±9/ 72±16 | ||
| IR | 100±13/ 100±11 | 121±10/ 95±18 | 130±9/ 59±22 * # | ||
| p/t Akt | 100±12/ 100±1 | 47±21 */ 58±7 * | 42±19 */ 27±4 * # | ||
| FOXO1 | 100±24/ 100±17 | 136±33/ 127±13 | 207±40 */ 182±36 * # | ||
| PTP1B | 100±25/ 100±9 | 109±28/ 109±21 | 187±11 * #/ 14±8 *** ### |
FOXO1, forkhead box O number 1; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IL, interleukin; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IR, insulin receptor; ObRb, long form of leptin receptor; p/t, phosphorylated/total; PTP1B, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B; SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; STAT3, transducer and activator of transcription factor 3; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 by ANOVA vs. control; # p<0.05, ## p<0.01, ### p<0.001 by ANOVA vs. pair-fed group.