. 2012 Aug 3;97(10):3593–3602. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-1997

Table 1.

Characteristics of study participants

Characteristics	Study sample (n = 1940)	Bone cohort (n = 2413)
Age (yr)^a	45.9 (2.7)	45.8 (2.7)
Height (cm)^a	162.3 (6.5)	162.5 (6.6)
Weight (kg)^a	72.7 (19.4)	74.3 (21.3)
BMI (kg/m²)^a	27.5 (6.9)	28.0 (7.5)
Menopause status
Premenopausal^b	56.4	54.1
Early perimenopausal^b	43.6	45.9
Smoking status
Never smoked^b	59.7	57.8
Ex-smoker^b	25.4	25.9
Current smoker^b	14.9	16.4
Alcohol consumption
Abstainer^b	51.5	51.8
Infrequent^b	9.2	9.2
Light^b	25.7	25.3
Heavy^b	13.6	13.8
Physical activity
More active^b,c	49.7	49.6
Less active^b,c	50.3	50.4
Medications
Bone active medications^b,d	2.3	2.3
Supplemental vitamin D^b,d	38.6	38.2
Supplemental calcium^b,d	45.1	44.4
Central nervous system active medications^b,d	10.5	10.9
Diabetes mellitus^b	4.6	5.5
FNAL (cm)^a	9.0 (0.5)
FNW (cm)^a	2.8 (0.2)
Femoral neck BMD (g/cm²)^a	0.84 (0.13)	0.84 (0.13)
CSI (g/kg · m)^a	3.3 (0.6)
BSI (g/kg · m)^a	1.02 (0.22)
ISI (g/kg · m)^a	0.18 (0.04)
Race/ethnicity
Caucasian^b	49.9	49.6
African-American^b	26.4	28.4
Chinese^b	11.4	10.4
Japanese^b	12.3	11.7
Baseline history of fractures
All fractures^b	18.3	19.0
Spinal fractures^b	1.0	1.0
Foot fractures^b	2.5	2.8
Lower-arm fractures^b	2.4	2.8
Upper-arm fractures^b	0.8	0.8
Hip fractures^b	0.3	0.3
Lower-leg fractures^b	5.0	4.9

Abbreviations: BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; BSI, bending strength index; CSI, compression strength index; FNAL, femoral neck axis length; FNW, femoral neck width; ISI, impact strength index.

For continuous variables, mean is shown with sd in parentheses.

Data are given as percentage of each group. Percentages may not add up to 100 because of rounding errors.

For physical activity, more active is defined as above median of the summary score, and less active is below median.

Use of medications and supplements indicates any use (vs. none).