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Rates of secondary outcomes (per 1000 dialysis sessions) for standard and buttonhole needling
| Outcomes | Standard Needling Rate per 1000 Dialysis Sessions | Buttonhole Needling Rate per 1000 Dialysis Sessions | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hematoma formation | 436 | 295 | 0.003 |
| Bleeding postdialysis | |||
| No bleeding | 23.6 | 28.3 | |
| Any bleeding | 97.6 | 97.2 | 0.40 |
| Signs of localized infection | 22.4 | 50.0 | 0.003 |
Signs of localized infection included erythema, pus, or swelling at the fistula site.
