Table 5.

Similarities and Variations of the Perception, Social Determinants, and Impact of Depressive Symptoms by the Level of Depressive Symptoms

Level of depressive symptoms	None	One or two symptoms	Three or more symptoms
Perceptions of depressive symptoms
Feelings of helplessness	x	x	x
Feelings of dissatisfaction with life		x
Feelings of getting bored	x
Loss of interests in activities	x		x
Feelings of worthlessness	x	x	x
Suicidal ideation			x
Social determinants of depressive symptoms
Societal conflictsa	x		x
Family conflictsb	x	x	x
Worsening physical health	x	x	x
Personalityc		x
Financial constraints			x
Impact of depressive symptoms on health and well-being
Overall healthd	x	x	x
Worsening social isolation	x	x
Elder mistreatment		x	x
Suicidal ideation			x
Barriers to health services utilization			x

Notes: ^aSocietal conflicts refer to social isolation, migration stress, difficulties with health system, and perceived discrimination.

^bFamily conflicts refer to differences in family responsibility expectations, caregiver neglect, habits and lifestyle choices, household standard or maintenance.

^cPersonality refers to the personal attitude of older adults may be attributable to depressive symptoms.

^dOverall health refers to worsening health conditions, physical function decline, cognitive function impairment, and abnormal weight changes.