TABLE 4.
Fasting and integrated post-prandial concentrations following 28-day high- or low-glycemic load dietary interventions for all participants and within body fat subgroups1,2,3
| N | High-Glycemic Load | Low-Glycemic Load | Difference | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting measures4 | |||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 80 | 4.92 (4.86–4.98) | 5.00 (4.94–5.06) | −0.08 | 0.04 |
| Low Body Fat | 29 | 4.80 (4.70–4.90) | 4.80 (4.70 – 4.90) | 0.0 | 0.97 |
| High Body Fat | 53 | 5.00 (4.92 – 5.07) | 5.12 (5.04 – 5.19) | −0.12 | 0.02 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 80 | 8.3 (7.6–9.1) | 8.2 (7.5–9.0) | 0.2 | 0.73 |
| Low Body Fat | 29 | 5.9 (5.2–6.8) | 5.6 (5.0 – 6.6) | 0.2 | 0.62 |
| High Body Fat | 53 | 10.3 (9.2 – 11.6) | 10.0 (8.9 – 11.2) | 0.4 | 0.63 |
| HOMA-IR | 80 | 1.82 (1.66–2.01) | 1.82 (1.66–2.01) | 0.00 | 0.99 |
| Low Body Fat | 29 | 1.25 (1.08 – 1.46) | 1.23 (1.06 – 1.43) | 0.02 | 0.75 |
| High Body Fat | 53 | 2.29 (2.02 – 2.60) | 2.27 (2.0 – 2.57) | 0.03 | 0.88 |
| IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 80 | 281.5 (273.3 – 289.9) | 270.9 (263.1 – 279.0) | 10.6 | 0.04 |
| Low Body Fat | 29 | 276.7 (262.5 – 291.7) | 268.7 (254.9 – 283.2) | 8.0 | 0.33 |
| High Body Fat | 53 | 277.9 (267.8 – 288.3) | 267.4 (257.8 – 277.4) | 10.4 | 0.12 |
| IGFBP-3 (ng/mL) | 80 | 4890 (4800 – 4981) | 4908 (4818 – 4999) | −18 | 0.75 |
| Low Body Fat | 29 | 4770(4604 – 4942) | 4669 (4506 – 4838) | 101 | 0.29 |
| High Body Fat | 53 | 4941 (4837 – 5046) | 5028 (4922 – 5135) | −87 | 0.21 |
| IGF1/IGFBP-3 | 80 | 5.76 (5.62–5.90) | 5.52 (5.39–5.66) | 0.24 | 0.01 |
| Low Body Fat | 29 | 5.80 (5.60 – 6.01) | 5.75 (5.55 – 5.96) | 0.05 | 0.69 |
| High Body Fat | 53 | 5.62 (5.44–5.82) | 5.32 (5.14 – 5.50) | 0.31 | 0.02 |
| Postprandial measures5 | |||||
| Glucose iAUC(mmol/L/240 min) | 20 | 148.1 ± 25.4 | 83.9 ± 12.4 | 64.3 ± 21.8 | < 0.01 |
| Low Body Fat | 8 | 183.0 ± 30.2 | 123.7 ± 22.3 | 59.3 ± 34.2 | 0.08 |
| High Body Fat | 12 | 157.5 ± 29.5 | 83.3 ±9.05 | 74.1 ± 24.9 | < 0.01 |
| Insulin iAUC (μU/mL/240 min) | 20 | 8417 ± 808 | 6164 ± 567 | 2253 ± 539 | < 0.01 |
| Low Body Fat | 8 | 9905 ± 1710 | 7622 ± 1402 | 2284 ± 749 | < 0.01 |
| High Body Fat | 12 | 8672 ± 698 | 6240 ± 355 | 2432 ± 685 | < 0.01 |
| Insulin iAUC/Glucose iAUC (pmol/mmol) | 20 | 309.9 ± 131.5 | 169.4 ± 43.2 | 140.5 ± 145.9 | 0.34 |
| Low Body Fat | 8 | 317.1 ± 174.8 | 135.1 ± 73.9 | 183.8 ± 145.9 | 0.21 |
| High Body Fat | 12 | 272.1 ± 156.8 | 203.6 ± 59.5 | 68.5 ± 183.8 | 0.71 |
| IGF-1 iAUC (ng/mL/240 min) A | 20 | −2577 ± 514 | −2359 ± 685 | −218 ± 824 | 0.79 |
| Low Body Fat | 8 | −4271 ± 710 | −4370 ± 979 | 99 ± 1385 | 0.94 |
| High Body Fat | 12 | −2043 ± 695 | −1607 ± 794 | −437 ± 1020 | 0.69 |
| IGFBP-3 iAUC (ng/mL/240 min) A | 20 | −41162 ± 12282 | −19585 ± 13668 | −21577 ± 14980 | 0.15 |
| Low Body Fat | 8 | −90973 ± 16328 | −86212 ± 17185 | −4760 ± 17596 | 0.79 |
| High Body Fat | 12 | −24017 ± 13709 | 6861 ± 10717 | −30877 ± 19649 | 0.11 |
1
Adjusted for design effects, age, gender and body fat percent.
2
Low body fat <25% for males or <32% for females; high body fat ≥25% for males or ≥32% for females.
3
HOMA-IR, Homeostasis model of assessment - insulin resistance iAUC, incremental area under the curve.
4
Geometric means (CI).
5
Mean ± SEM.
A
Negative values for iAUC represent responses for which post-prandial concentrations were predominantly lower than fasting concentrations.