Table 3.
Summary of results of studies on early life stress and spatial/relational memory in the adult
| Procedure | Early Life Manipulation | Strain | Sex | Age | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morris Water Maze (MWM) | Handling (15-min; PN1-22) | Long-E | male | aged | decreased aging impairments | Meaney et al. 1988 |
| Handling (10-min * 2/day; PN1-21) | Roman | both? | aged | enhanced RHA (path length) | Escorihuela et al 1995 | |
| Handling (10-min; PN1-22) | SD | male | adult | enhance w/stress | Pham et al. 1997 | |
| Handling (15-min; PN1-21) | SD | male | adult | n.s. | Vallee et al. 1997 | |
| Handling (15-min; PN1-21) | SD | male | adult | n.s. | Vallee et al. 1999 | |
| Handling (15-min; PN1-21) | SD | male | aged | n.s. | Vallee et al. 1999 | |
| Handling + stroking (3-min; PN1-21) | Long-E | both | adult | enhanced (latency; improvement score) | Tang et al 2001 | |
| Handling (10-min; PN1-10) | Wistar | both | adult | Impaired females | Noschang et al 2010 | |
| Handling. (15-min; PN2-14) | Long-E | male | adult | n.s. | Hout et al 2002 | |
| Handling (15-min; PN1-22) | Wistar | male | aged | enhanced (latency) | Lehmann et al. 2002 | |
| Handling (15-min; PN2-9) | SD | male | adult | enhanced (latency) | Fenoglio et al 2005 | |
| Handling (15-min*3/day; PN4-21) | Long-E | both | adult | n.s. | Gibb & Kolb 2005 | |
| Handling (15-min; PN1-21) | Wistar | male | adult | enhanced w/stress | Garoflos et al 2005 | |
| Handling (15-min; PN1-22) | Wistar | both | adult | enhanced w/stress males | Stamatakis et al 2008 | |
| Neonatal isolation (3-min; PN1-PN21) | Roman | both? | aged | enhanced | Fernandez-Teruel et al 1997 | |
| Neonatal isolation (15-min; PN1-21) | Wistar | both | adult | n.s. | Pryce et al 2003 | |
| Novel environment (3-min; PN1-21) | Long-E | male | 7-mon | enhanced | Tang et al 2006 | |
| Mat. Sep. (24-hr; PN3) | Wistar | both | adult | impaired | Oomen et al 2010 | |
| Mat. Sep. (24-hr; PN3) | Wistar | female | adult | n.s. | Oomen et al 2011 | |
| Mat. Sep. (24-hr; PN4) | Wistar | both | adult | enhanced reversal learning | Lehmann et al 1999 | |
| Mat. Sep. (24-hr; PN9) | Wistar | both | adult | enhanced reversal learning | Lehmann et al 1999 | |
| Mat. Sep. (24-hr; PN18) | Wistar | both | adult | enhanced reversal learning | Lehmann et al 1999 | |
| Mat. Sep. (24-hr; PN3) | Brn Norw | male | adult | impaired (latency, distance acq, rev) | Oitzel et al. 2000 | |
| Mat. Sep. (24-hr; PN3) | Brn Norw | male | aged | n.s. | Oitzel et al. 2000 | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN2-14) | Long-E | male | adult | impaired (latency; distance) | Hout et al 2002 | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN2-21) | Wistar | male | adult | Impaired | Aisa et al 2009 | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN2-21) | Wistar | male | adult | impaired | Aisa et al 2009 | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN2-21) | Wistar | male | adult | impaired | Solas et al 2010 | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN2-21) | Wistar | male | aged | impaired | Solas et al 2010 | |
| Mat. Sep. (6-hr; PN12, 14, 16,&18) | Wistar | male | aged | trend enhance (latency) | Lehmann et al. 2002 | |
| Mat. Sep (12-hr; PN9 and PN11) | Wistar | male | adult | impaired (path length; latency) | Garner et al 2007 | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN2-14) | SD | both | adult | Impaired (quadrant time) | Hui et al 2011 | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN2-21) | Wistar | both? | adult | impaired retention; n.s. acq | Aisa et al 2007 | |
| Mat. Sep. (24-hr; PN9) | Wistar | male | adult | n.s. | Choy et al 2008 | |
| Neonatal isolation (6-hr/day; PN15-21) | Long-E | both | adult | enhanced | Frisone et al 2002 | |
| Neonatal isolation (1-hr/day; PN2-9) | SD | male | adult | impaired (latency) | Huang et al. 2002 | |
| Neonatal isolation (4-hr; PN1-21) | Wistar | both | adult | enhanced (distance) | Pryce et al 2003 | |
| Neonatal isolation (1-hr/day; PN2-9) | SD | male | adult | n.s. | Lai et al 2006 | |
| Limited nesting (PN2-PN9) | SD | male | adult | trend impairment | Brunson et al 2005 | |
| Limited nesting (PN2-PN9) | SD | male | aged | impaired | Brunson et al 2005 | |
| Limited nesting (PN2-PN9) | SD | male | aged | impaired (quadrant time; latency) | Ivy et al 2010 | |
| CRH (PN10) | SD | male | adult | trend impairment | Brunson et al 2001 | |
| CRH (PN10) | SD | male | adult | impaired | Brunson et al 2001 | |
| CRH (PN10) | SD | male | aged | impaired | Brunson et al 2001 | |
| CRH antagonist (PN10-17) | SD | male | adult | enhanced (latency) | Fenoglio et al 2005 | |
| CRH antagonist (PN10-17) | SD | male | aged | n.s. (quadrant time; latency) | Ivy et al 2010 | |
| Cort (PN1-21) | Wistar | male | adult | enhanced | Catalani et al 1993 | |
| Cort (PN1-21) | Wistar | female | adult | enhanced | Catalani et al 2002 | |
| Artificial rearing | SD | female | adult | some enhancements in retention | Levy et al 2003 | |
|
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| Radial arm maze (RAM) | Handling (PN1-21; 15-min) | SD | male | aged | decrease aging impair(<work mem err) | Vallee et al. 1999 |
| Neonatal isolation (6-hr; PN15-21) | Long-E | both | adult | >working errors in males; n.s. females | Sandstrom 2005 | |
| Neonatal isolation (6-hr; PN15-21) | Long-E | males | adult | > working errors; n.s. ref memory | Sandstrom & Hart 2005 | |
| CORT (PN1-PN12) | Wistar | both? | adult | initial better working memory | Roskoden et al 2005a | |
| Artificial rearing | SD | female | adult | decrease latency during initial sessions | Levy et al 2003 | |
|
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| Circular maze (CM) | Neonatal isolation (15-min; PN1-21) | SD | both | adult | n.s. | Kosten et al 2007a |
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| Can test (CT) | Neonatal isolation (15-min; PN2-21) | Wistar | male | aged | enhanced correct responses | Cannizzaro et al 2005 |
| Neonatal isolation (15-min; PN2-21) | Wistar | male | adult | enhanced ref mem & correct responses | Cannizzaro et al 2006 | |
|
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| Active avoidance (AA) | Handling (2-min; PN1-21) | Maudsley | female | adult | enhanced | Powell & North-Jones 1974 |
| Handling (15-min; PN1-21) | SD | female | adult | enhanced | Nunez et al 1995 | |
| Neonatal isolation (3-min; PN2-15) | SD & L-E | both | adult | impaired (cort response) | Weinberg & Levine 1977 | |
| Neonatal isolation (15-min; PN1-21) | Wistar | both | adult | enhanced | Pryce et al 2003 | |
| Mat. Sep. (24-hr; PN4) | Wistar | both | adult | impaired males | Lehmann et al 1999 | |
| Mat. Sep. (24-hr; PN9) | Wistar | both | adult | enhanced males | Lehmann et al 1999 | |
| Mat. Sep. (24-hr; PN18) | Wistar | both | adult | n.s | Lehmann et al 1999 | |
| Mat. Sep. (6-hr; PN12, 14, 16,&18) | Wistar | both | adult | enhanced acquisition | Lehmann et al., 2000 | |
| Mat. Sep. (4-hr/day; PN1-21) | SD | both | adult | impaired | Weiss et al., 2001 | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN1-16) | Wistar | female | adult | increased avoidance responses Day 1 | Schable et al 2007 | |
| Neonatal isolation (4-hr; PN1-21) | Wistar | both | adult | enhanced | Pryce et al 2003 | |
| Neonatal isolation (4-hr; PN5-11) | SD | male | adult | n.s (2-way shuttle) | Toth et al. 2008 | |
| Cort (PN1-21) | Wistar | male | aged | enhanced | Catalani et al 2000 | |
| Cort (PN1-21) | Wistar | female | aged | enhanced | Catalani et al 2002 | |
|
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| T-maze (TM) | Neonatal isolation (PN1-22; 3-min) | Long-E | both | adult | enhanced reversal learning | Wong & Judd 1973 |
| Tact stim/neo iso (<5-min; PN2-9) | Wistar | male | adult | enhanced delayed alternation | Zhang & Cai 2008 | |
| Tact stim/neo iso (<5-min; PN10-17) | Wistar | male | adult | enhanced delayed alternation | Zhang & Cai 2008 | |
| Tact stim/neo iso (1-hr; PN2-9) | Wistar | male | adult | enhanced delayed alternation | Zhang & Cai 2008 | |
| Tact stim/neo iso (1-hr; PN10-17) | Wistar | male | adult | enhanced delayed alternation | Zhang & Cai 2008 | |
| Mat. Sep (12-hr; PN9 and PN11) | Wistar | male | adult | n.s. | Garner et al 2007 | |
| Mat. Sep. (24-hr; PN9) | Wistar | male | adult | no effect on working memory | Choy et al 2008 | |
|
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| Y-maze (YM) | Handling (PN1-21; 15-min) | SD | male | adult | n.s. (4,6,8,24-hr ITI) | Vallee et al. 1997 |
| Handling (PN1-21; 15-min) | SD | male | adult | n.s. | Vallee et al. 1999 | |
| Handling (PN1-21; 15-min) | SD | male | aged | decrease aging impairment 24- not 8-hr | Vallee et al. 1999 | |
| Tact stim+novel envt (Pn1-21; 15-min) | Wistar | both | adult | enhance males; n.s. females | Daskalakis et al 2009 | |
| Tact stim (PN1-21; 15-min) | Wistar | both | adult | enhance males; impair females | Daskalakis et al 2009 | |
| Mat. Sep. (24-hr; PN9) | Wistar | male | adult | n.s. | Choy et al 2008 | |
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| Object recognition (OR) | Handling (15-min; PN2-9) | SD | male | adult | enhanced 24-hr | Fenoglio et al 2005 |
| Neonatal isolation (15-min; PN1-21) | SD | both | adult | enhanced both sexes 3- and 24-hr test | Kosten et al 2007a | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN2-21) | Wistar | male | adult | impaired 1-hr | Aisa et al 2007 | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN1-10) | Wistar | male | adult | impaired 24-hr | Benetti et al 2009 | |
| Neonatal isolation (1-hr/day; PN2-9) | SD | both | adult | impaired 24-hr but not 3-hr | Kosten et al 2007b | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN1-15) | Wistar | male | adult | impaired 24-hr but not 1.5-hr | Martins de Lima et al 2011 | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN2-21) | Wistar | male | adult | impaired | Solas et al 2010 | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN2-21) | Wistar | male | aged | impaired | Solas et al 2010 | |
| Limited nesting (PN2-PN9) | SD | male | adult | impaired 24-hr | Brunson et al 2005 | |
| Limited nesting (PN2-PN9) | SD | male | aged | impaired 24-hr | Ivy et al 2010 | |
| CRH (PN10) | SD | male | aged | impaired 24-hr | Brunson et al 2001 | |
| CRH antagonist (PN10-17) | SD | male | adult | enhanced 24-hr | Fenoglio et al 2005 | |
| CRH antagonist (PN10-17) | SD | male | aged | n.s. 24-hr | Ivy et al 2010 | |
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| Social memory (SM) | Handling (1-min; PN1-10) | Wistar | both | adult | n.s. | Todeschin et al 2009 |
| Novel environment (3-min; PN1-21) | Long-E | male | adult | enhanced 24-hr | Reeb-Sutherland & Tang 2011 | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN1-10) | Wistar | male | adult | impaired 24-hr | Benetti et al 2009 | |
| Mat. Sep. (3-hr; PN1-14) | Wistar | male | adult | impaired 1-hr | Lukas et al 2011 | |
| Artificial rearing | SD | female | adult | Impaired 24-hr | Levy et al 2003 | |