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VSMC gene marker showed increased SM22 (A) and αSMA (B) expression in PAI-1 −/− vein wall compared to WT at 8 and 21d. Medial αSMA + cells were increased in PAI-1 −/− at 8d as compared with WT (C). Immunohistology showed the mononuclear medial location of these positive cells in WT (D) and PAI-1 −/− (E) IVC sections. *P < .05; arrows denote (+) cells.
