Table 4.
Mean knowledge scores for viral hepatitis according to selected characteristics
| Characteristics | Hepatitis A (n = 710) |
Hepatitis B (n = 710) |
Hepatitis C (n = 1,654) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | P value | Mean ± SD | P value | Mean ± SD | P value | |
| Overall | 2.6 ± 1.5 | – | 6.1 ± 2.4 | – | 3.6 ± 1.1 | – |
| Age group in years | ||||||
| 21–29 | 2.3 ± 1.4 | 0.0019* | 5.6 ± 2.4 | 0.01* | 3.6 ± 1.1 | <0.001* |
| 30–49 | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 6.2 ± 2.3 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | |||
| 50–64 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 6.3 ± 2.5 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 2.6 ± 1.4 | >0.05** | 6.0 ± 2.4 | >0.05* | 3.6 ± 1.1 | >0.05* |
| Male | 2.7 ± 1.5 | 6.2 ± 2.4 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | |||
| Education in years | ||||||
| ≤12 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | >0.05* | 6.1 ± 2.3 | >0.05* | 3.2 ± 1.0 | <0.0001** |
| >12 | 2.5 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | |||
| Annual family income | ||||||
| < $20,000 | 2.6 ± 1.5 | >0.05* | 6.1 ± 2.4 | >0.05* | 3.4 ± 1.0 | <0.0001** |
| ≥ $20,000 | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 6.2 ± 2.4 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | |||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 2.5 ± 1.5 | >0.05* | 5.9 ± 2.6 | >0.05* | 3.6 ± 1.1 | >0.05* |
| Married/cohabitating | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | |||
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 6.4 ± 2.2 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | |||
| Health care coverage | ||||||
| None | 2.7 ± 1.4 | >0.05* | 6.1 ± 2.7 | >0.05* | 3.5 ± 1.0 | <0.0001* |
| Public insurance | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | |||
| Private | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 6.2 ± 2.3 | 3.7 ± 1.1 | |||
| Level of counseling received | ||||||
| A lot/enough/some | 3.2 ± 1.2 | <0.0001** | 6.8 ± 1.9 | <0.0001** | 3.7 ± 1.1 | <0.0001* |
| None | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 5.5 ± 2.6 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | |||
| Sources of information | ||||||
| None | 2.1 ± 1.5 | <0.0001** | 5.1 ± 2.8 | <0.0001** | 3.1 ± 1.0 | <0.0001* |
| One source | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 5.9 ± 2.1 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | |||
| Two or more sources | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 6.7 ± 2.1 | 3.7 ± 1.1 | |||
| History of HAV or HBV vaccination | ||||||
| Yes | 3.5 ± 1.3 | <0.0001** | 6.3 ± 2.1 | >0.05** | 3.8 ± 1.1 | <0.0001** |
| No | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 6.2 ± 2.4 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | |||
| Viral hepatitis serostatus † | ||||||
| Positive | 2.9 ± 1.5 | <0.0001* | 7.2 ± 1.9 | 0.05* | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 0.01* |
| Negative | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | |||
| General health status | ||||||
| Good | 2.6 ± 1.4 | >0.05* | 6.1 ± 2.4 | >0.05* | 3.6 ± 1.1 | <0.0001** |
| Not good | 2.7 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 2.5 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | |||
| History of other STI | ||||||
| Positive | 2.5 ± 1.7 | >0.05* | 5.2 ± 2.4 | 0.06* | 3.6 ± 1.1 | >0.05* |
| Negative | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | |||
| HIV serostatus | ||||||
| Positive | 1.6 ± 1.7 | >0.05* | 4.6 ± 3.0 | >0.05* | 3.5 ± 1.0 | >0.05* |
| Negative | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | |||
| Blood transfusions prior to 1992 ‡ | ||||||
| Yes | 3.0 ± 1.3 | >0.05* | 6.6 ± 2.0 | >0.05* | 3.4 ± 1.1 | >0.05* |
| No | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | |||
| Illegal drug use | ||||||
| Ever | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 0.05 | 6.2 ± 2.5 | >0.05* | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 0.008* |
| Never | 2.5 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | |||
| Tattooing practices | ||||||
| Ever | 2.3 ± 1.4 | 0.03* | 6.4 ± 2.5 | >0.05* | 3.6 ± 1.0 | >0.05* |
| Never | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | |||
| History of ear or other body piercing | ||||||
| Ever | 2.3 ± 1.5 | <0.002* | 5.9 ± 2.4 | >0.05* | 3.5 ± 1.0 | >0.05* |
| Never | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 6.2 ± 2.4 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | |||
| Lifetime number of sexual partners | ||||||
| 0–1 | 2.6 ± 1.4 | >0.05* | 6.0 ± 2.3 | >0.05* | 3.5 ± 1.1 | >0.05* |
| 2–9 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 6.2 ± 2.4 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | |||
| ≥10 | 2.5 ± 1.6 | 6.1 ± 2.5 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | |||
| Age at first sexual intercourse in years | ||||||
| ≤11 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | >0.05* | 6.3 ± 2.4 | >0.05* | 3.6 ± 1.1 | >0.05* |
| 12–17 | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | |||
| ≥18 | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | |||
*
P values from ANOVA test
**
P values from Kruskal–Wallis test.
†
Two participants were excluded for the analysis of HAV because missing values in the HAV test and four participants were excluded for the analysis of HCV because missing values in the HCV test
‡
History of blood transfusions prior to 1992 was categorized as self-reported transfusion prior to 1992 versus transfusion after 1992 or no transfusion