Table 2.

Comparisons of clinical parameters amongst normal-weight, overweight, and obese males and females (from [28]).

Variables	Sex*	Normal weight (n = 115) mean ± SE	Overweight (n = 68) mean ± SE	Obese (n = 146) mean ± SE	P value
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	M	3.31 ± 0.07	4.4 ± 0.15	4.1 ± 0.11	0.0001
	F	3.5 ± 0.05	4.05 ± 0.12	4.5 ± 0.09
	T	3.43 ± 0.04	4.19 ± 0.09	4.4 ± 0.07
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	M	0.79 ± 0.05	1.15 ± 0.08	1.43 ± 0.07	0.0001
	F	0.72 ± 0.05	1.03 ± 0.06	1.24 ± 0.04
	T	0.74 ± 0.02	1.082 ± 0.05	1.302 ± 0.04
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	M	1.28 ± 0.06	1.21 ± 0.07	1.08 ± 0.04
	F	1.34 ± 0.04	1.17 ± 0.05	1.06 ± 0.03	0.0001
	T	1.32 ± 0.03	1.19 ± 0.04	1.07 ± 0.024
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	M	1.58 ± 0.09	2.25 ± 0.15	2.4 ± 0.11	0.0001
	F	1.53 ± 0.06	1.94 ± 0.11	2.6 ± 0.07
	T	1.55 ± 0.05	2.07 ± 0.89	2.56 ± 0.06
Leptin (ng/mL)	M	3.10 ± 0.17**	9.91 ± 0.38**	17.6 ± 0.86**	0.0001
	F	12.20 ± 0.40**	22.84 ± 0.97**	44.60 ± 1.85**
	T	9.42 ± 0.48	17.51 ± 0.97	36.13 ± 1.67
Fasting insulin (pmol/L)	M	62.60 ± 4.23	67.07 ± 5.27	111.90 ± 5.6	0.0001
	F	54.85 ± 2.33	75.84 ± 6.26	103.30 ± 3.64
	T	57.21 ± 2.09	72.23 ± 4.28	106.03 ± 3.07
HOMA-IR	M	1.96 ± 0.14	2.4 ± 0.21	3.8 ± 0.18	0.0001
	F	1.66 ± 0.08	2.2 ± 0.17	3.37 ± 0.13
	T	1.75 ± 0.07	2.35 ± 0.14	3.45 ± 0.11
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	M	4.84 ± 0.07	5.16 ± 0.05	5.06 ± 0.09	0.0001
	F	4.65 ± 0.05	4.97 ± 0.08	5.06 ± 0.06
	T	4.71 ± 0.041	5.051 ± 0.057	5.06 ± 0.05

Note: Values are mean ± SEM. Abbreviations—BMI: body mass index; W/H: waist hip ratio; M: male; F: female; T: total; *Statistically significant difference between the male and female. *Total number: control: male = 35; female = 80; total = 115. *Total overweight: male = 28; female = 40; total = 68. *Total obese: male = 46; female = 100; total = 146. SE: standard error of the mean, **: the difference in the results of males and females is statistically significant.