Figure 1.

Digestibility and protoplast isolation frequencies of tobacco leaf discs treated with elm extract or hydroxycionnamic acids. Leaf discs were vacuum infiltrated (20 min) and incubated for 24 h in various concentrations of aqueous American elm leaf extract, p-coumaric acid, or ferulic acid prior to a 16 h incubation in cell wall degrading enzymes. a; Tobacco leaf disc incubated in sterile deionised water prior to digestion, b; tobacco leaf disc incubated in 0.005 mg/ml aqueous American elm extract prior to digestion, c; tobacco leaf disc treated with 5 mg/ml elm extract prior to digestion, d; Protoplast yields for tobacco leaf discs pre-incubated in various concentrations of elm extract, p-coumaric acid, or ferulic acid for 24 h followed by 16 h in cell wall degrading enzymes. Bars with the same letters were not significantly different based on a means separation with Tukey’s adjustment with a p-value of 0.05.