Table 2. The chemical contents of six species of beetle elytral surfaces including atom content (a. c.), binding energy (b. e.) and valence state (v. s.) of elements.

Elements	ChemicalContent	Species
		A. kulzeri	Anomala sp.	C. molossus	S. macrocnemia	A.sinica	H.dauricus
C1s	a. c.	73.09	83.11	84.08	80.31	80.74	80.07
	b. e.	284.8	284.83	284.81	284.83	284.77	284.81
	v. s.	C-C, C-H	C-C, C-H	C-C, C-H	C-C, C-H	C-C, C-H	C-C, C-H
O1s	a. c.	17.09	12	9.87	13.09	12.54	13.24
	b. e.	531.82	532.23	531.74	532	531.94	531.44
	v. s.	O-S	O-S	O-H, O-S	O-S	O-S	O-H, O-S
N1s	a. c.	6.31	2.35	2.04	2.96	4.23	4.88
	b. e.	399.9	400.1	400.28	399.97	399.83	400.9
	v. s.	N-C	N-C	N-C	N-C	N-C	N-C
Si2p	a. c.	1.02	1.2	2.19	1.9	0.88	0.86
	b. e.	102.29	102.14	101.89	102.04	101.91	102.03
	v. s.	Si-O, Si-N	Si-O, Si-N	Si-C	Si-O, Si-N	Si-C	Si-C
Ca2p	a. c.	1.07	0.51	1.81	0.59	0.46	–
	b. e.	347.38	347.19	347.3	347.37	347.1	–
	v. s.	Ca-O	Ca-O	Ca-O	Ca-O	Ca-O	–
P2p	a. c.	0.44	0.65	–	0.5	0.47	0.42
	b. e.	133.55	133.4	–	133.47	133.23	133.36
	v. s.	P-O	P-O	–	P-O	P-O	P-O
S2p	a. c.	0.39	0.18	–	0.35	0.37	–
	b. e.	168.2	168.26	–	167.92	168.22	–
	v. s.	S-C, S-O	S-C, S-O	–	S-C, S-O	S-C, S-O	–
Na1s	a. c.	–	–	–	–	0.31	0.53
	b. e.	–	–	–	–	1071.07	1070.83
	v. s.	–	–	–	–	Na-O	Na-N
Al2p	a. c.	0.59	–	–	0.3	–	–
	b. e.	74.3	–	–	73.74	–	–
	v. s.	Al-O	–	–	Al-O	–	–

Footnote: A dash (–) indicates the elements on the elytral surfaces are absent.