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. 2012 Oct 5;3:393. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00393

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Copyright © 2012 Stary, Tsutsumi, Patel, Head, Patel and Roth.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.

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In the neuron, pro-survival signaling occurs via multiple synaptic signaling receptors, including the NMDA glutamate receptor (NMDAR), the neurotrophin-activated tyrosine kinase B receptor (TrkR), and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which converge via intracellular protein kinases (CaMKII, Src, Akt, cAMP) to phosphorylate extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), leading to expression of pro-survival and pro-growth genes. These pro-survival receptors localize and concentrate within the post-synaptic density (PSD), a region enriched in caveolins, cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. (Definitions: CaMKII, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate).