Table 4.

Associations ORs and 95% CI between dependent variable: psychological distress (HSCL-10 ≥1.85), socio-demographics, somatic health-problems and social support (OSS-3), (n = 2,387)

Independent variables	Model 1 Each predictor adjusted for age and gender	Model 2a and b Adjusted for age, gender and social support	Model 3a and b Adjusted for age, gender, social support and socio-demographics	Model 4 Adjusted for all variables
Social support
Number of close friends	0.44*** (0.36 – 0,54)			0.61*** (0.47 – 0.80)
Concern and interest	0.52*** (0.44 – 0.61)			0.68*** (0.55 – 0.84)
Practical help from neighbours	0.74*** (0.64 – 0.86)			1.13 (0.93 – 1.37)
Demography
Education
Primary, 9 yrs (ref)	1.00			1.00
Secondary, 12 yrs	0.55* (0.33 – 0.90)			0.75 (0.39 – 1.43)
College/Univ > 12 yrs	0.60** (0.41 – 0.88)			1.04 (0.61 – 1.75)
Income in thousands
150’ (ref)	1.00			1.00
150-200’	0.51** (0.33 – 0.81)			0.53* (0.31 – 0.91)
200-300’	0.42*** (0.27 – 0.65)			0.54* (0.31 – 0.94)
300+	0.21*** (0.12 – 0.39)			0.31* (0.19 – 0.83)
Marital status
Married/cohabiting (ref)	1.00			1.00
Single	1.48* (1.05 – 2.08)			1.37 (0.90 – 2.08)
District of town
Ullern (ref)	1.00			1.00
Østensjø	1.71** (1.24 – 2.36)			1.10 (0.71 – 1.72)
Somatic health problems, 2a,b and 3a,b
Diagnoses 2a and 3a
Diabetes	1.45 (0.83 – 2.53)	1.37 (0.76 – 2.47)	1.37 (0.73 – 2.58)	0.86 (0.41 – 1.81)
Chronic lung disease	2.04** (1.21 – 3.46)	1.68 (0.95 – 2.98)	1.55 (0.85 – 2.81)	1.25 (0.67 – 2.35)
Osteoporosis	2.52*** (1.71 – 3.71)	2.28*** (1.51 – 3.46)	2.38*** (1.54 – 3.68)	1.59 (0.98 – 2.56)
Musculoskeletal ailments	2.19*** (1.59 – 3.03)	1.90*** (1.35 – 2.69)	1.77** (1.23 – 2.53)	1.50* (1.01 – 2.22)
Cardiac infarction	2.09** (1.29 – 3.37)	1.85* (1.10 – 3.10)	1.78* (1.04 – 3.05)	1.70 (0.94 – 3.08)
Angina	2.10** (1.32 – 3.34)	1.67* (1.01 – 2.77)	1.72* (1.02 – 2.90)	1.25 (0.69 – 2.26)
Stroke	2.09** (1.34 – 3.28)	1.75* (1.07 – 2.85)	1.44 (0.86 – 2.40)	0.87 (0.50 – 1.51)
Cancer	1.01 (0.66 – 1.55)	0.85 (0.54 – 1.36)	0.79 (0.48 – 1.29)	0.87 (0.51 – 1.47)
Diagnoses, sum	1.70*** (1.48 – 1.96)	1.53*** (1.32 – 1.78)	1.50*** (1.27 – 1.77)	1.29** (1.08 – 1.54)
Physical impairment, 2b and 3b
Balance	6.58*** (4.41 – 9.83)	5.16*** (3.41 – 7.81)	5.53*** (2.97 – 6.91)	2.66*** (1.67 – 4.22)
Vision	4.06*** (2.92 – 5.65)	3.31*** (2.33 – 4.70)	3.07*** (2.12 – 4.44)	2.21*** (1.48 – 3.31)
Hearing	1.59** (1.14 – 2.21)	0.79 (0.96 – 1.94)	1.30 (0.90 – 1.87)	0.87 (0.58 – 1.30)
Urine leak	3.42*** (2.45 – 4.78)	3.02*** (2.11 – 4.31)	3.13*** (2.16 – 4.54)	2.02*** (1.43 – 3.20)
Memory	3.63*** (2.57 – 5.11)	3.32*** (2.31 – 4.78)	3.06*** (2.10 – 4.47)	1.99*** (1.31 – 3.00)
Impairments, sum	2.10*** (1.84 – 2.38)	1.98*** (1.72 – 2.27)	1.90*** (1.65 – 2.20)	1.84*** (1.59 – 2.13)

Model 1: Separate logistic regression analyses with each predictor one-by-one, controlled for age and gender.

Models 2a and b: Logistic regression analyses controlled for age, gender and social support, with separate analyses for diagnoses and physical impairments.

In Model 2a, we have treated all diagnoses as one group without physical impairments.

In Model 2b, we have treated all physical impairments as one group without diagnoses.

Models 3a and b: Logistic regression analyses controlled for age, gender, social support and other socio-demographic factors, with separate analyses for diagnoses and physical impairments.

In Model 3a, we have treated all diagnoses as one group without physical impairments.

In Model 3b, we have treated all physical impairments as one group without diagnoses.

Model 4: Logistic regression analyses controlled for all variables introduced simultaneously, including age, gender, social support, socio-demographic factors, diagnoses and physical impairments.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.