Table 2.

Overview of studies on birth outcome after exposure to IFN-β or GA

Author	Number of pregnancies with exposure to immunomodulatory therapy		Results
	IFN-β	GA
Boskovic et al., 2005 [67]	23		Increased rate of spontaneous abortion (39%); decreased birth weight, two major birth defects (Down syndrome, X-chromosome abnormality)
Sandberg-Wollheim et al., 2005 [73]	41		Normal spontaneous abortion rate, one birth defect (hydrocephalus)
Patti et al., 2008 [72]	14		Normal spontaneous abortion rate and birth weight; shorter gestational period (37.8 weeks), no malformations
Hellwig et al., 2009 [71]	17		Normal miscarriage rate (2/17) and birth weight
Weber-Schoendorfer and Schaefer, 2009 [75]	69	31	Normal spontaneous abortion rate and birth weight, no preterm delivery; two major birth defects (club feet, AV canal) under GA
Amato et al., 2010 [68]	88		Normal spontaneous abortion rate; lower birth weight and length; no major birth defects
Salminen et al., 2010 [76]		13	In 9/13 exposure during whole pregnancy, normal spontaneous abortion rate and birth weight, no birth defects
Fragoso et al., 2010 [74]		11	Exposure >7 months during pregnancy; normal spontaneous abortion rate, birth weight and length
Sandberg-Wollheim et al., 2011 [70]	425		Normal spontaneous abortion rate, three major birth defects (VACTERL syndrome, tetralogy of Fallot, solitary kidney)
Hellwig et al., 2011 [69]	7	3	Exposure during whole pregnancy; lower birth weight and earlier delivery (GA); one malformation in IFN (valvular stenosis of pulmonary artery), one in GA (penile hypospadia)