Table 4.

Associations of short-term exposure to 24 h average PM₁₀with inflammatory markers, by selected strata

	hs-CRP	p-value	IL-1β	p-value	IL-6	p-value	TNF-α	p-value
Female	−0.008	0.439	0.019	0.302	0.035	0.015	0.023	0.002
	(−0.028, 0.012)		(−0.017, 0.056)		(0.007, 0.063)		(0.008, 0.038)
Male	0.009	0.416	0.050	0.012	0.041	0.009	0.025	0.002
	(−0.013, 0.031)		(0.011, 0.090)		(0.010, 0.071)		(0.009, 0.041)
Interaction p-value§		0.560		0.376		0.869		0.620
Age < 55	−0.007	0.511	0.037	0.047	0.048	0.001	0.027	<0.001
	(−0.027, 0.013)		(0.0004, 0.073)		(0.020, 0.077)		(0.013, 0.042)
Age > =55	0.007	0.527	0.030	0.141	0.022	0.144	0.020	0.021
	(−0.015, 0.029)		(−0.010, 0.069)		(−0.008, 0.052)		(0.003, 0.036)
Interaction p-value§		0.404		0.703		0.105		0.619
Healthy†	0.025	0.151	0.038	0.250	0.062	0.022	0.035	0.009
	(−0.009, 0.058)		(−0.027, 0.103)		(0.009, 0.114)		(0.009, 0.062)
Non-healthy†	−0.007	0.400	0.033	0.027	0.029	0.011	0.022	<0.001
	(−0.024, 0.009)		(0.004, 0.062)		(0.007, 0.052)		(0.010, 0.034)
Interaction p-value§		0.620		0.708		0.862		0.769
No statins	−0.002	0.806	0.027	0.064	0.036	0.002	0.024	<0.001
	(−0.018, 0.014)		(−0.002, 0.056)		(0.013, 0.058)		(0.012, 0.036)
With statins	0.006	0.773	0.073	0.057	0.038	0.165	0.020	0.203
	(−0.036, 0.049)		(−0.002, 0.015)		(−0.016, 0.093)		(−0.011, 0.051)
Interaction p-value§		0.843		0.372		0.886		0.812

Data are coefficients (95 % CI) from robust regression models. Coefficients represent change in cytokine per 10 μg/m³ increase in PM₁₀. ^§ P-value for interaction between the strata variable and PM₁₀ for their effects on the inflammatory marker.

^† Sample sizes for healthy and non-healthy are 993 and 5190, respectively.