TABLE 2—
Relative Risk of Dying for Current Labor Force Status for the German and American Cohorts, Adjusted for Age and Gender and Other Potential Confounders: German Socio-Economic Panel and US Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1984–2005
| German Cohort (n = 10 754) |
American Cohort (n = 9523) |
|||
| Variables | Age and Gender, RR (95% CI) | Fully Adjusted, RR (95% CI) | Age and Gender, RR (95% CI) | Fully Adjusted, RR (95% CI) |
| Employment status (Ref = employed) | ||||
| Unemployed | 2.15*** (1.50, 3.07) | 1.42 (0.98, 2.04) | 3.66*** (2.60, 5.16) | 2.35*** (1.67, 3.34) |
| Not working | 3.01*** (2.44, 3.70) | 2.01*** (1.61, 2.51) | 4.24*** (3.47, 5.15) | 2.43*** (1.95, 3.01) |
| Age | 1.06*** (1.05, 1.05) | 1.05*** (1.05, 1.05) | 1.05*** (1.04, 1.06) | 1.05*** (1.04, 1.06) |
| Male (Ref = female) | 2.12*** (1.84, 2.44) | 2.47*** (2.02, 3.02) | 1.86*** (1.62, 2.13) | 1.72*** (1.40, 2.23) |
| East German (Ref = West German) | 1.28** (1.07, 1.53) | |||
| Immigrant (Ref = German-born) | 0.8 (0.59, 1.12) | |||
| Race/ethnicity (Ref = White) | ||||
| Black | 1.20* (1.02, 1.42) | |||
| Other | 0.86 (0.61, 1.22) | |||
| Spouse (Ref = head) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.16) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) | ||
| Marital status (Ref = married) | ||||
| Single | 1.49* (1.05, 2.12) | 1.60** (1.20, 2.12) | ||
| Divorced or separated | 1.36* (1.02, 1.81) | 1.05 (0.82, 1.34) | ||
| Widowed | 1.12 (0.87, 1.45) | 1.24 (0.97, 1.59) | ||
| Household size, no. | 1.17** (1.05, 1.31) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) | ||
| Children, no. | 0.72*** (0.59, 0.86) | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) | ||
| Household income (t-1, log) | 0.83*** (0.75, 0.91) | 0.93* (0.86, 0.99) | ||
| Skill level (Ref = high skill) | ||||
| Minimum skill | 1.37* (1.04, 1.80) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.21) | ||
| Medium skill | 1.19 (0.95, 1.59) | 1.11 (0.86, 1.42) | ||
| Occupation (Ref = professional or management) | ||||
| None | 1.58** (1.16, 2.15) | 1.12 (0.84, 1.48) | ||
| Business or sales | 1.08 (0.79, 1.47) | 0.92 (0.670, 1.22) | ||
| Services | 0.99 (0.70, 1.41) | 1.0 (0.73, 1.37) | ||
| Agriculture, forestry, or mining | 1.10 (0.70, 1.82) | 1.18 (0.79, 1.78) | ||
| Manufacturing | 1.00 (0.72, 1.37) | 1.21 (0.91, 1.63) | ||
| Health (Ref = excellent) | ||||
| Good (t-1) | 0.92 (0.68, 1.25) | 1.47* (1.03, 2.08) | ||
| Satisfactory (t-1) | 1.52** (1.12, 2.04) | 2.03*** (1.45, 2.84) | ||
| Fair (t-1) | 1.90*** (1.38, 2.60) | 3.81*** (2.68, 5.41) | ||
| Poor (t-1) | 3.81*** (2.77, 5.23) | 7.25*** (4.98, 10.56) | ||
| Disabled (Ref = not disabled; t-1) | 1.43*** (1.22, 1.67) | 1.10 (0.93, 1.32) | ||
| Person years | 117 123 | 117 123 | 99 175 | 99 175 |
| AIC | 9956.3 | 9658.0 | 9308.3 | 8907.9 |
| BIC | 10 004.7 | 9909.4 | 9355.8 | 9155.0 |
Note. AIC = Akaike information criterion; BIC = Bayesian information criterion; CI = confidence interval; RR = relative risk. The statistical model used is the complementary log–log model and includes the log of years followed as an exposure offset.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.