Table I.
Characteristics of REGARDS Study Participants Taking ≥3 Antihypertensive Medication Classes by Apparent Treatment‐Resistant Hypertension Status
| Controlled on 3 Medicationsa (n=1372) | Apparent‐Treatment Resistant hypertensionb (n=2654) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 67.3 (8.8) | 67.4 (8.7) | .69 |
| Black, % | 46.9 | 60.0 | <.001 |
| Male, % | 40.7 | 48.2 | <.001 |
| Region of residence, % | |||
| Non‐belt | 42.1 | 45.3 | .08 |
| Stroke belt | 35.1 | 34.6 | |
| Stroke buckle | 22.8 | 20.2 | |
| <High school education, % | 14.1 | 19.9 | <.001 |
| Household Income <$20,000 per year, % | 23.6 | 28.5 | .002 |
| Currently married, % | 55.0 | 53.7 | .41 |
| Current smoking, % | 11.4 | 12.5 | .33 |
| Physical activity, % | |||
| None | 40.4 | 44.4 | .007 |
| 1–3 times per week | 32.7 | 32.9 | |
| >3 times per week | 26.9 | 22.7 | |
| Alcohol consumption, % | |||
| None | 68.1 | 70.0 | .30 |
| Moderate | 28.3 | 27.1 | |
| Heavy | 3.6 | 2.9 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.8 (6.2) | 32.4 (6.8) | <.001 |
| Depressive symptoms, %c | 11.5 | 14.4 | .01 |
| Low eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, % | 22.9 | 33.6 | <.001 |
| Albuminuria, % | 12.8 | 35.7 | <.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 27.3 | 49.6 | <.001 |
| History of CHD, % | 29.2 | 34.6 | <.001 |
| History of stroke, % | 11.2 | 13.4 | .05 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; REGARDS, Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke. aControlled blood pressure (BP) was defined as systolic/diastolic blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg except for individuals with diabetes or chronic kidney disease wherein controlled BP was systolic/diastolic blood pressure <130/80 mm Hg. bTreatment‐resistant hypertension was defined as having uncontrolled BP while taking 3 antihypertensive medication classes or taking 4 antihypertensive medication classes regardless of BP control. cScore ≥4 on the 4‐item Centers for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression scale.