Figure 3.

Specimen-specific time-history responses for loads, accelerations, and motions during head-first impact. A, The loads included impact forces at the barrier and C5 or C6 vertebra; B, forces at the occipital condyles including lateral shear (Fx), axial tension and compression (Fy), and anterior/posterior shear (Fz); and C, moments at the occipital condyles in flexion and extension (Mx), axial torque (My), and lateral torque (Mz). D, The accelerations included Ay for the head and C5 or C6; and E, Az for the head. F, The motions included translations (Ty and Tz) and sagittal rotation (Rx) for the head relative to the torso.