Table II.
Group values for gait spatiotemporal and kinematic variables for non-functional electrical stimulation (FES) and FES conditions
| Self-selected walking | Month 3 | Month 4 | Month 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Walking speed | Non-FES | 0.30 (0.04) | 0.31 (0.03) | 0.31 (0.03)a |
| FES | 0.30 (0.03)b | 0.32 (0.03) | 0.31 (0.03)a | |
| Mean difference | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| (95% CI) | (−0.02 to 0.01)b | (0.00 to 0.01) | (−0.01 to 0.01)a | |
| Cadence (steps/min) | Non-FES | 115.8 (9.8) | 117.0 (8.4) | 115.7 (8.4)a |
| FES | 117.2 (7.7)b | 118.3 (8.7) | 113.5 (7.3)a | |
| Mean difference | 0.6 | 1.2 | −2.1 | |
| (95% CI) | (−2.7 to 4.0)b | (−0.7 to 3.2) | (−4.7 to 0.4)a | |
| Step length | Non-FES | 0.40 (0.04) | 0.41 (0.03) | 0.41 (0.04)a |
| FES | 0.41 (0.05)b | 0.42 (0.04) | 0.42 (0.04)a | |
| Mean difference | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | |
| (95% CI) | (−0.01 to 0.01) | (0.00 to 0.01) | (−0.01 to 0.02)a | |
| c Ankle angle at initial contact (°, p=0.017) | Non-FES | −4.6 (3.7) | −6.7 (3.6) | −5.9 (4.4)a |
| FES | −3.7 (3.2)b | −4.3 (3.6) | −1.9 (5.3)a | |
| Mean difference | 0.4 | 2.4 | 4.0 | |
| (95% CI) | (−1.5 to 2.2)b | (1.2–3.6) | (1.6–6.4)a | |
| c Peak DF angle in swing (°, p=0.015) | Non-FES | 0.7 (3.8) | −1.6 (3.9) | −0.3 (4.8)a |
| FES | 2.9 (4.9)b | 1.1 (3.4) | 3.5 (5.3)a | |
| Mean difference | 1.5 | 2.6 | 3.8 | |
| (95% CI) | (0.0–3.0)b | (1.6–3.7) | (1.4–6.1)a | |
| c Mean DF angle in swing (°, p=0.011) | Non-FES | −4.5 (5.0) | −7.5 (5.6) | −5.7 (6.2)a |
| FES | −2.4 (5.7)b | −4.3 (4.5) | −2.0 (5.7)a | |
| Mean difference | 1.8 | 3.2 | 3.7 | |
| (95% CI) | (−0.4 to 4.0)b | (2.1–4.4) | (1.7–5.6)a | |
| c Ankle angle at toe-off (°, p=0.033) | Non-FES | −5.0 (5.1) | −7.4 (5.5) | −5.4 (4.9)a |
| FES | −2.5 (4.7)b | −4.7 (3.8) | −3.2 (5.3)a | |
| Mean difference | 1.4 | 2.7 | 2.1 | |
| (95% CI) | (−0.1 to 2.9)b | (1.2–4.2) | (0.3–4.0)a | |
|
| ||||
| Fast walking
| ||||
| Walking speed | Non-FES | 0.42 (0.05) | 0.42 (0.05) | 0.44 (0.07)a |
| FES | 0.41 (0.04)b | 0.43 (0.05) | 0.44 (0.07)a | |
| Mean difference | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| (95% CI) | (−0.02 to 0.01)b | (−0.01 to 0.02) | (−0.01 to 0.01)a | |
| Cadence (steps/min) | Non-FES | 140.0 (18.7) | 141.5 (17.3) | 142.5 (21.4)a |
| FES | 140.1 (15.1)b | 142.0 (17.1) | 142.5 (21.7)a | |
| Mean difference | 2.9 | 0.5 | 0.0 | |
| (95% CI) | (−1.7 to 7.4)b | (−4.0 to 4.9) | (−3.5 to 3.6)a | |
| Step length | Non-FES | 0.46 (0.04) | 0.46 (0.04) | 0.46 (0.05)a |
| FES | 0.46 (0.04)b | 0.46 (0.04) | 0.47 (0.05)a | |
| Mean difference | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | |
| (95% CI) | (−0.03 to 0.00)b | (−0.01 to 0.01) | (−0.01 to 0.02)a | |
| c Ankle angle at initial contact (°, p=0.032) | Non-FES | −5.0 (3.3) | −6.1 (3.1) | −6.0 (4.2)a |
| FES | −3.9 (3.4)b | −4.6 (3.7) | −3.9 (5.3)a | |
| Mean difference | 0.8 | 1.5 | 2.1 | |
| (95% CI) | (−1.0 to 2.5)b | (0.3–2.8) | (0.4–3.8)a | |
| c Peak DF angle in swing (°, p=0.015) | Non-FES | 0.3 (4.2) | −1.1 (3.7) | −0.8 (5.2)a |
| FES | 1.9 (5.3)b | 0.8 (4.1) | 3.1 (5.1)a | |
| Mean difference | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.9 | |
| (95% CI) | (−0.8 to 2.8)b | (1.0–2.9) | (2.1–5.7)a | |
| c Mean DF angle in swing (°, p=0.014) | Non-FES | −5.8 (5.2) | −7.3 (5.6) | −6.3 (6.0)a |
| FES | −4.2 (6.0)b | −4.9 (5.3) | −2.1 (5.7)a | |
| Mean difference | 1.4 | 2.4 | 4.2 | |
| (95% CI) | (−0.7 to 3.5)b | (1.5–3.3) | (2.4–6.1)a | |
| c Ankle angle at toe-off (°, p=0.038) | Non-FES | −9.2 (6.2) | −10.9 (6.2) | −10.1 (7.0)a |
| FES | −7.0 (6.3)b | −8.5 (6.2) | −6.1 (8.1)a | |
| Mean difference | 1.5 | 2.4 | 4.0 | |
| (95% CI) | (−0.4 to 3.3)b | (1.2–3.6) | (2.0–6.0)a | |
Values are means (SD). Walking speed and step length are dimensionless values, normalized to subject height. Unless otherwise indicated, the full data set is represented (n=19);
a
n=16;
b
n=13.
c
Significant differences (p<0.05) between non-FES and FES conditions. DF, dorsiflexion.