Table 1.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics
| No Pacemaker | Pacemaker | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 475 | 71 | |
| Age at enrollment | 11.7±3.3 | 12.9±3.8 | 0.01 |
| Age at Fontan, years | 3.3±2.0 | 3.9±2.8 | 0.12 |
| Years since Fontan | 8.5±3.4 | 9.1±3.9 | 0.13 |
| Male | 62% | 51% | 0.09 |
| Race | 0.30 | ||
| White | 79% | 87% | |
| Black | 11% | 4% | |
| Asian | 3% | 1% | |
| Other | 8% | 7% | |
| Hispanic | 6% | 11% | 0.19 |
| Anatomic diagnosis | 0.03 | ||
| SV, DILV | 13% | 28% | |
| SV, DIRV | 2% | 1% | |
| SV, MA | 6% | 1% | |
| SV, TA | 22% | 21% | |
| Unbalanced AVCD | 4% | 3% | |
| Heterotaxy | 7% | 10% | |
| HLHS | 21% | 14% | |
| Other | 25% | 21% | |
| L-loop | 16% | 31% | 0.01 |
| Ventricular Morphology | 0.02 | ||
| Left | 46% | 63% | |
| Right | 35% | 27% | |
| Mixed | 19% | 10% | |
| Type of Fontan | 0.17* | ||
| Atriopulmonary connection | 12% | 20% | |
| TCPC Intracardiac lateral tunnel | 61% | 55% | |
| TCPC extracardiac conduit | 24% | 27% | |
| Other | 3% | 0% |
*
Age adjusted p value. AVCD = atrioventricular canal defect, DILV = double inlet left ventricle, DIRV = double inlet right ventricle, HLHS = hypoplastic left heart syndrome, MA = mitral atresia, SV = single ventricle, TA = tricuspid atresia, TCPC = total cavopulmonary connection.