Table 4.

Associations of Calf Muscle Density and Isometric Strength Measures with Cardiovascular Mortality among Men with Peripheral Arterial Disease

	Below the Baseline Median for Strength Measure	Above the Baseline Median for Strength Measure (reference)	P Value
Hand Grip and Cardiovascular Mortality
Model 1	1.70 (0.55-5.23)	1.00 (reference)	0.013
Model 2	1.63 (0.47-5.68)	1.00 (reference)	0.002
Knee Extension Isometric Strength and Cardiovascular Mortality
Model 1	1.89 (0.63-5.63)	1.00 (reference)	0.162
Model 2	1.49 (0.44-5.03)	1.00 (reference)	0.170
Plantarflexion Isometric Strength and Cardiovascular Mortality
Model 1	2.26 (0.77 - 6.66)	1.00 (reference)	0.012
Model 2	3.89 (1.07 - 14.19)	1.00 (reference)	0.006

^*Data shown are hazard ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals. Model 1 adjusts for age, sex, race. Model 2 adjusts for age, sex, race, smoking, body mass index, ankle brachial index, physical activity, comorbidities, and study cohort. Men with baseline values above the median (i.e. best baseline muscle measure) served as the reference group against which men with baseline values below the median (i.e. worst baseline muscle measure) were compared. Thus, the hazard ratio group for men with baseline values above the median is 1.0 and hazard ratios for men with baseline values below the median are relative to this reference.