Table 2.

Pharmacological approaches that modify testicular and sperm functional parameters in varicocele.

Treatment	Mechanism	Result versus injury	Reference
Polydeoxyribonucleotides	Adenosine A2A-receptor stimulator	▼ Histological changes produced by varicocele ▲ Microvessels	[44]
Aminoguanidine	Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor	Prevents sperm DNA fragmentation	[45]
Aminoguanidine	Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor	▲Sperm vitality, motility, and morphology	[45]
EGF	Growth factor	▲ Sperm count and motility	[46]
Melatonin	Antioxidant, hormone	▼ MDA and Bax levels ▲ CAT, SOD, and GPx activities	[47]

CAT: catalase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: glutathione; SOD: superoxide dismutase.